UTMB Advanced Pathophysiology 5355 ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Module 6.1 Cardiovascular exam with correct ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answers
Normal function of Nitric Oxide - correct answer✔✔potent vasodilator, anti-
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
inflammatory and anti-thrombotic. Normally balanced with endothelin. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Normal function of Endothelin - correct answer✔✔Potent vasoconstrictor that
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
raises blood pressure. Normally balanced with Nitric oxide.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔disease of the heart muscle, can be ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
primary or secondary ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔increase compliance in ventricle,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
higher volumes but decreased contractility
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔usually inherited, heart ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
muscle enlarges and thickens without obvious cause
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
restrictive cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔ventricles become stiff and rigid
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
but walls of heart do not thicken, ventricles do not relax and fill with normal
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
blood volume ||\\||\\
Arrhythmogenic RV Cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔rare type, muscle ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
tissue in R ventricle is replaced with fatty/fibrous tissue causing arrhythmias
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, How does smoking contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease? -
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
correct answer✔✔Nicotine stimulates release of catecholamines (epinephrine
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
and norepinephrine) which are potent vasoconstrictors. Increases heart rate and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
blood pressure, which increase cardiac workload . Cigarettes are associated with
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increased LDL, decrease HDL, and contributes to vessel inflammation and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
thrombosis. generates free radicals. Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease causes ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
inflammation and triggering of cytokines that increase protease activity and ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
inhibit normal endogenous antiproteases in lung.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
RAAS and Cardiovascular System: - correct answer✔✔the renin angiotensin
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
system causes retention of sodium and water which causes an increase in blood
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
pressure
C-reactive protein (CRP) in cardiovascular disease - correct answer✔✔an ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
indirect measure of inflammation related to atherosclerotic plaque.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Homocysteine still lacks enough research to follow this lab independently. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
myocardial remodeling - correct answer✔✔Described as myocyte loss of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
contractility dysfunction related to hypertrophy and dilation of the ventricle. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
This remodeling generally occurs slowly over time (months). It refers to the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
structural and functional changes that occur in the heart post MI and any ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
condition with ischemia. Ventricular remodeling occurs from increased afterload
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
due to peripheral vasoconstriction (i.e., hypertension).
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Cardiac repolarization - correct answer✔✔resting state of heart, ventricles
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
relaxed
Module 6.1 Cardiovascular exam with correct ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
answers
Normal function of Nitric Oxide - correct answer✔✔potent vasodilator, anti-
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
inflammatory and anti-thrombotic. Normally balanced with endothelin. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Normal function of Endothelin - correct answer✔✔Potent vasoconstrictor that
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
raises blood pressure. Normally balanced with Nitric oxide.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔disease of the heart muscle, can be ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
primary or secondary ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Dilated Cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔increase compliance in ventricle,
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
higher volumes but decreased contractility
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔usually inherited, heart ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
muscle enlarges and thickens without obvious cause
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
restrictive cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔ventricles become stiff and rigid
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
but walls of heart do not thicken, ventricles do not relax and fill with normal
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
blood volume ||\\||\\
Arrhythmogenic RV Cardiomyopathy - correct answer✔✔rare type, muscle ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
tissue in R ventricle is replaced with fatty/fibrous tissue causing arrhythmias
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
, How does smoking contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease? -
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
correct answer✔✔Nicotine stimulates release of catecholamines (epinephrine
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
and norepinephrine) which are potent vasoconstrictors. Increases heart rate and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
blood pressure, which increase cardiac workload . Cigarettes are associated with
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
increased LDL, decrease HDL, and contributes to vessel inflammation and
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
thrombosis. generates free radicals. Smoking and Cardiovascular Disease causes ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
inflammation and triggering of cytokines that increase protease activity and ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
inhibit normal endogenous antiproteases in lung.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
RAAS and Cardiovascular System: - correct answer✔✔the renin angiotensin
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
system causes retention of sodium and water which causes an increase in blood
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
pressure
C-reactive protein (CRP) in cardiovascular disease - correct answer✔✔an ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
indirect measure of inflammation related to atherosclerotic plaque.
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Homocysteine still lacks enough research to follow this lab independently. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
myocardial remodeling - correct answer✔✔Described as myocyte loss of ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
contractility dysfunction related to hypertrophy and dilation of the ventricle. ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
This remodeling generally occurs slowly over time (months). It refers to the
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
structural and functional changes that occur in the heart post MI and any ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
condition with ischemia. Ventricular remodeling occurs from increased afterload
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
due to peripheral vasoconstriction (i.e., hypertension).
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
Cardiac repolarization - correct answer✔✔resting state of heart, ventricles
||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\ ||\\||\\
relaxed
