GV249 Notes
Table of Contents
,Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 4
RESEARCH BASICS.......................................................................................................... 4
EXAM FORMAT................................................................................................................... 4
THEORY......................................................................................................... 6
THEORY DEVELOPMENT.................................................................................................. 6
THEORETICAL APPROACHES........................................................................................... 6
ABSTRACTION................................................................................................................. 6
OPERATIONALISATION..................................................................................................... 7
HYPOTHESES.................................................................................................................. 7
DATA............................................................................................................. 8
DESCRIPTION..................................................................................................................... 8
STATISTICS......................................................................................................................... 8
CORRELATION..............................................................................................10
CAUSATION..................................................................................................11
MEASUREMENT............................................................................................13
VALIDITY....................................................................................................................... 13
RELIABILITY AND BIAS..................................................................................................13
REPRESENTATIVENESS.................................................................................................. 15
LINEAR REGRESSION....................................................................................16
INFERENCE AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING.........................................................17
INFERENCE...................................................................................................................... 17
STANDARD ERROR........................................................................................................ 17
HYPOTHESIS TESTING........................................................................................................ 18
RESEARCH INTEGRITY..................................................................................20
BIASED RESEARCH PRACTICES.....................................................................................20
OPEN SCIENCE SOLUTIONS................................................................................................. 20
COMPARATIVE CASE STUDIES.......................................................................23
MILL’S METHODS.............................................................................................................. 23
CHALLENGES OF COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS...............................................................................24
SYNTHETIC CONTROL METHOD............................................................................................24
COFOUNDERS.............................................................................................. 27
RANDOMISED EXPERIMENTS.........................................................................29
R.E.N. ASSUMPTIONS........................................................................................................ 30
FIELD EXPERIMENTS....................................................................................31
NON-COMPLIANCE AND COMPLICATIONS...............................................................................31
QUANTITATIVE FIELD RESEARCH...................................................................33
INTERVIEW....................................................................................................................... 33
RESEARCH ETHICS.......................................................................................35
Table of Contents
, ETHICS OF HUMAN SUBJECT STUDIES....................................................................................35
APSA ETHICS PRINCIPLES (2020).......................................................................................35
REGRESSION DISCONTINUITY DESIGN...........................................................39
QUASI-EXPERIMENTS......................................................................................................... 39
RDD BASICS................................................................................................................... 39
RDD ROBUSTNESS CHECK.................................................................................................40
DIFFERENCE-IN-DIFFERENCE DESIGN.....................................................................................42
DID ASSUMPTIONS............................................................................................................ 42
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS...............................................................................................42
MECHANISMS..............................................................................................44
IMPLICIT MEDIATION STRATEGIES.......................................................................................... 44
Table of Contents
, Introduction
Welcome :) Good Luck!
RESEARCH BASICS
Descriptive Questions: asking about the systematic patterns or novel
phenomena.
Casual Questions: asking about the casual effects between two
variables.
Variable: an entity that takes on different values.
Categorical
Ordinal
Continuous
Outcome Variable (Y): the dependent variable (DV).
Explanatory Variable (X): the independent variable (IV).
EXAM FORMAT
ONE Essay Question (50%)
o Choose 1 out of 6 Questions
o References: Author (Year) / (Author Year) - no bibliography required
Structure:
1. Short Introduction, including definitions.
2. Main Part
3. Conclusion
FOUR Short Questions (20%, 5% each)
o Answer ALL 4 Questions.
o Remember KEY Definitions, Concepts, Assumptions, Estimators,
Designs.
FIVE Questions on Interpretations of Quantitative Regression
Outputs (30%)
o Answer ALL 5 Questions.
o A Regression Table (linear model) will be presented.
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
,Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................. 4
RESEARCH BASICS.......................................................................................................... 4
EXAM FORMAT................................................................................................................... 4
THEORY......................................................................................................... 6
THEORY DEVELOPMENT.................................................................................................. 6
THEORETICAL APPROACHES........................................................................................... 6
ABSTRACTION................................................................................................................. 6
OPERATIONALISATION..................................................................................................... 7
HYPOTHESES.................................................................................................................. 7
DATA............................................................................................................. 8
DESCRIPTION..................................................................................................................... 8
STATISTICS......................................................................................................................... 8
CORRELATION..............................................................................................10
CAUSATION..................................................................................................11
MEASUREMENT............................................................................................13
VALIDITY....................................................................................................................... 13
RELIABILITY AND BIAS..................................................................................................13
REPRESENTATIVENESS.................................................................................................. 15
LINEAR REGRESSION....................................................................................16
INFERENCE AND HYPOTHESIS TESTING.........................................................17
INFERENCE...................................................................................................................... 17
STANDARD ERROR........................................................................................................ 17
HYPOTHESIS TESTING........................................................................................................ 18
RESEARCH INTEGRITY..................................................................................20
BIASED RESEARCH PRACTICES.....................................................................................20
OPEN SCIENCE SOLUTIONS................................................................................................. 20
COMPARATIVE CASE STUDIES.......................................................................23
MILL’S METHODS.............................................................................................................. 23
CHALLENGES OF COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS...............................................................................24
SYNTHETIC CONTROL METHOD............................................................................................24
COFOUNDERS.............................................................................................. 27
RANDOMISED EXPERIMENTS.........................................................................29
R.E.N. ASSUMPTIONS........................................................................................................ 30
FIELD EXPERIMENTS....................................................................................31
NON-COMPLIANCE AND COMPLICATIONS...............................................................................31
QUANTITATIVE FIELD RESEARCH...................................................................33
INTERVIEW....................................................................................................................... 33
RESEARCH ETHICS.......................................................................................35
Table of Contents
, ETHICS OF HUMAN SUBJECT STUDIES....................................................................................35
APSA ETHICS PRINCIPLES (2020).......................................................................................35
REGRESSION DISCONTINUITY DESIGN...........................................................39
QUASI-EXPERIMENTS......................................................................................................... 39
RDD BASICS................................................................................................................... 39
RDD ROBUSTNESS CHECK.................................................................................................40
DIFFERENCE-IN-DIFFERENCE DESIGN.....................................................................................42
DID ASSUMPTIONS............................................................................................................ 42
MATHEMATICAL OPERATIONS...............................................................................................42
MECHANISMS..............................................................................................44
IMPLICIT MEDIATION STRATEGIES.......................................................................................... 44
Table of Contents
, Introduction
Welcome :) Good Luck!
RESEARCH BASICS
Descriptive Questions: asking about the systematic patterns or novel
phenomena.
Casual Questions: asking about the casual effects between two
variables.
Variable: an entity that takes on different values.
Categorical
Ordinal
Continuous
Outcome Variable (Y): the dependent variable (DV).
Explanatory Variable (X): the independent variable (IV).
EXAM FORMAT
ONE Essay Question (50%)
o Choose 1 out of 6 Questions
o References: Author (Year) / (Author Year) - no bibliography required
Structure:
1. Short Introduction, including definitions.
2. Main Part
3. Conclusion
FOUR Short Questions (20%, 5% each)
o Answer ALL 4 Questions.
o Remember KEY Definitions, Concepts, Assumptions, Estimators,
Designs.
FIVE Questions on Interpretations of Quantitative Regression
Outputs (30%)
o Answer ALL 5 Questions.
o A Regression Table (linear model) will be presented.
Table of Contents
