Oceanography final JMU Haynes(Correctly solved)
Water, even liquid water: correct answersappears to be present in other places in our
solar system
ocean correct answersvast body of saline water that occupies the depressions of
Earth's surface.
how much water on / near Earth's surface is contained in the ocean correct
answersmore than 97%
The Pacific and Atlantic oceans, the Mediterranean and Baltic seas, so named for our
convenience: correct answersare in reality only temporary features of a single world
ocean.
Marine Science (Oceanography) correct answersis the process of discovering unifying
principles in data obtained from the ocean, its associated life-forms, and its bordering
lands.
Marine geologists correct answersfocus on questions such as the composition of inner
Earth, the mobility of the crust, the characteristics of seafloor sediments, and the history
of Earth's ocean, continents, and climate. Some of their work touches on areas of
intense scientific and public concern, including earthquake prediction and the
distribution of valuable resources.
Physical oceanographers correct answersstudy and observe wave dynamics, currents,
and ocean-atmosphere interaction.
Chemical oceanographers correct answersstudy the ocean's dissolved solids and gases
and their relationships to the geology and biology of the ocean as a whole.
Climate specialists correct answersinvestigate the ocean's role in Earth's changing
climate. Their predictions of long-term climate trends are becoming increasingly
important as pollutants change Earth's atmosphere.
Marine biologists correct answerswork with the nature and distribution of marine
organisms, the impact of oceanic and atmospheric pollutants on the organisms, the
isolation of disease-fighting drugs from marine species, and the yields of fisheries.
Marine engineers correct answersdesign and build oil platforms, ships, harbors, and
other structures that enable us to use the ocean wisely
Other marine specialists correct answersstudy techniques of weather forecasting, ways
to increase the safety of navigation, methods to generate electricity, and more
,hypotheses consistently supported by observation, experiment, or historical exploration
often evolve into correct answersa theory
laws (comprehensive constructs) correct answerssummarize experimental observations
big bang correct answersoccurred about 13.7 billion years ago. All of the mass and
energy of the universe is thought to have been concentrated at a geometric point at the
beginning of space and time, the moment when the expansion of the universe began.
We don't know what initiated the expansion, but it continues today and will probably
continue for billions of years, perhaps forever
nebulae correct answerslarge, diffuse clouds of dust and gas within galaxies
condensation theory correct answerstheory based on inference, explains how stars and
planets are believed to form
when does the life of a star begin? correct answerswhen a diffuse area of a spinning
nebula begins to shrink and heat up under the influence of its own weak gravity.
Gradually, the cloud like sphere flattens and condenses at the center into a knot of
gases called a protostar. The original diameter of the protostar may be many times the
diameter of our solar system, but gravitational energy causes it to contract, and the
compression raises its internal temperature. When the protostar reaches a temperature
of about 10 million degrees Celsius (18 million degrees Fahrenheit), nuclear fusion
begins. That is, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse to form helium, a process that liberates
even more energy. This rapid release of energy, which marks the transition from
protostar to star, stops the young star's shrinkage.
when does the dying phase of a massive star's life begin? correct answerswhen its core
—depleted of hydrogen—collapses in on itself. This rapid compression causes the star's
internal temperature to soar. When the in falling material can no longer be compressed,
the energy of the inward fall is converted to a cataclysmic expansion called a supernova
(nova, "new" [star]). The explosive release of energy in a supernova is so sudden that
the star is blown to bits, and its shattered mass accelerates outward at nearly the speed
of light. The explosion lasts only about 30 seconds, but in that short time the nuclear
forces holding apart individual atomic nuclei are overcome, and atoms heavier than iron
are formed. The gold in your rings, the mercury in a thermometer, and the uranium in
nuclear power plants were all created during such a brief and stupendous flash. The
atoms produced by a star through millions of years of orderly fusion and the heavy
atoms generated in a few moments of unimaginable chaos are sprayed into space
Every chemical element heavier than hydrogen—most of the atoms that make up the
planets, the ocean, and living creatures—was manufactured by the stars.
supernova correct answersA gigantic explosion in which a massive star collapses and
throws its outer layers into space
,solar nebula correct answersthin cloud from which our sun and its planets formed was
probably struck by the shock wave and some of the matter of an expanding super nova
remnant.
How was earth and its ocean formed? correct answersas an indirect result of a super
nova explosion
accretion correct answersclumping of small particles into large masses
biosynthesis correct answersearly steps in the evolution of living organisms from simple
organic building blocks
density stratification correct answersa slush of lighter minerals— silicon, magnesium,
aluminum, and oxygen-bonded compounds—rose toward the surface, forming Earth's
crust (lasted 100 million years)
outgassing correct answersvolcanic venting of volatile substances-including water
vapor-
Which is greater—the average depth of the ocean or the average elevation of the
continents? correct answersthe average land elevation is only 840 meters, but the
average ocean depth is 4 1/2 times greater
Can the scientific method be applied to speculations about the natural world that are not
subject to test or observation? correct answersthe process of science cannot be applied
to speculations that are not subject to test or observation. science requires a logical
approach to problem solving and a critical attitude about being shown rather than being
told.
What are the major specialties within marine science? correct answersMarine science
draws on several disciplines, integrating the fields of geology, physics, biology,
chemistry, and engineering as they apply to the ocean and its surroundings.
Where did the Earth's heavy elements come from? correct answers- carbon / nitrogen
created in cores of most stars, fused from lighter elements like hydrogen and helium
- heaviest elements (iron) only formed in massive stars which end their lives in
supernova explosions
Where did Earth's surface water come from? correct answersthought to be delivered by
comets or escaped from the crust and mantle through the process of outgassing
Considering what must happen to form them, do you think ocean worlds are relatively
abundant in the galaxy? Why or why not? correct answersOcean worlds are
uncommon, but water on planets is not uncommon
, Earth has had three distinct atmospheres. Where did each one come from, and what
were the major constituents and causes of each? correct answersEarth's first
atmosphere formed during the accretion phase before our planet had a solid surface.
Methane and ammonia with some water vapor and carbon dioxide -- mixtures similar to
those seen in the outer planets and swept from the solar nebula - were probably the
most abundant gases. Radiation from the energetic young sun stripped away our
planet's
How old is Earth? When did life arise? On what is that estimate based? How did the
moon form? correct answersEarth is 4.6 billion years old. The oldest fossils are between
3.4 and 3.5 billion years old. There are 3.85 billion year old specs of carbon that
researchers think could have only come from a living organism. The moon formed when
a mars sized object struct the earth, this created a bunch of debris that formed the
moon through accretion theory.
What is biosynthesis? Where and when do researchers think it might have occurred on
our planet? Could it happen again this afternoon? correct answersBiosynthesis is the
early steps in the evolution of living organisms from simple organtic building blocks. A
similar biosynthesis seems unlikely to occur today. Living things have changed the
conditions in the ocean and atmosphere, and those changes are not consistent with any
new origin of life. There are 3.85 billion year old specs of carbon that researchers think
could have only come from a living organism
Marine biologists sometimes say that all life-forms on Earth, even desert lizards and
alpine plants, are marine. Can you think why? correct answersall life on earth requires
water
How do we know what happened so long ago? correct answersDifferent sources and
techniques, one is meteorities, formed at the same time as the sun and rock planets, we
measure the rate of radioactive decay in the meteriotes, moon rocks, and the oldest
rocks on earth
What is density stratification? What does it have to do with the present structure of
Earth? correct answersThe process of stratification (seperation of rock) by gravity
becuase some elements are heavier than other, it is the reason we have an iron core in
our earth
Do we know of the existence of other water planets? correct answersYes, Jupiter is an
example, water isn't rare in the universe
A light-year is the distance light can travel in 1 year. Light travels at 300,000 kilometers
(186,000 miles) per second. Commercial television broadcasting began in 1939.
Television signals travel at the speed of light. How far away would a space probe have
to be before it could no longer detect those signals? correct answerstake your year
currently for we're in 2010-1939 = 71 then multiple your single light year either
kilometers or miles to get the answer in kilometers or miles
Water, even liquid water: correct answersappears to be present in other places in our
solar system
ocean correct answersvast body of saline water that occupies the depressions of
Earth's surface.
how much water on / near Earth's surface is contained in the ocean correct
answersmore than 97%
The Pacific and Atlantic oceans, the Mediterranean and Baltic seas, so named for our
convenience: correct answersare in reality only temporary features of a single world
ocean.
Marine Science (Oceanography) correct answersis the process of discovering unifying
principles in data obtained from the ocean, its associated life-forms, and its bordering
lands.
Marine geologists correct answersfocus on questions such as the composition of inner
Earth, the mobility of the crust, the characteristics of seafloor sediments, and the history
of Earth's ocean, continents, and climate. Some of their work touches on areas of
intense scientific and public concern, including earthquake prediction and the
distribution of valuable resources.
Physical oceanographers correct answersstudy and observe wave dynamics, currents,
and ocean-atmosphere interaction.
Chemical oceanographers correct answersstudy the ocean's dissolved solids and gases
and their relationships to the geology and biology of the ocean as a whole.
Climate specialists correct answersinvestigate the ocean's role in Earth's changing
climate. Their predictions of long-term climate trends are becoming increasingly
important as pollutants change Earth's atmosphere.
Marine biologists correct answerswork with the nature and distribution of marine
organisms, the impact of oceanic and atmospheric pollutants on the organisms, the
isolation of disease-fighting drugs from marine species, and the yields of fisheries.
Marine engineers correct answersdesign and build oil platforms, ships, harbors, and
other structures that enable us to use the ocean wisely
Other marine specialists correct answersstudy techniques of weather forecasting, ways
to increase the safety of navigation, methods to generate electricity, and more
,hypotheses consistently supported by observation, experiment, or historical exploration
often evolve into correct answersa theory
laws (comprehensive constructs) correct answerssummarize experimental observations
big bang correct answersoccurred about 13.7 billion years ago. All of the mass and
energy of the universe is thought to have been concentrated at a geometric point at the
beginning of space and time, the moment when the expansion of the universe began.
We don't know what initiated the expansion, but it continues today and will probably
continue for billions of years, perhaps forever
nebulae correct answerslarge, diffuse clouds of dust and gas within galaxies
condensation theory correct answerstheory based on inference, explains how stars and
planets are believed to form
when does the life of a star begin? correct answerswhen a diffuse area of a spinning
nebula begins to shrink and heat up under the influence of its own weak gravity.
Gradually, the cloud like sphere flattens and condenses at the center into a knot of
gases called a protostar. The original diameter of the protostar may be many times the
diameter of our solar system, but gravitational energy causes it to contract, and the
compression raises its internal temperature. When the protostar reaches a temperature
of about 10 million degrees Celsius (18 million degrees Fahrenheit), nuclear fusion
begins. That is, hydrogen atoms begin to fuse to form helium, a process that liberates
even more energy. This rapid release of energy, which marks the transition from
protostar to star, stops the young star's shrinkage.
when does the dying phase of a massive star's life begin? correct answerswhen its core
—depleted of hydrogen—collapses in on itself. This rapid compression causes the star's
internal temperature to soar. When the in falling material can no longer be compressed,
the energy of the inward fall is converted to a cataclysmic expansion called a supernova
(nova, "new" [star]). The explosive release of energy in a supernova is so sudden that
the star is blown to bits, and its shattered mass accelerates outward at nearly the speed
of light. The explosion lasts only about 30 seconds, but in that short time the nuclear
forces holding apart individual atomic nuclei are overcome, and atoms heavier than iron
are formed. The gold in your rings, the mercury in a thermometer, and the uranium in
nuclear power plants were all created during such a brief and stupendous flash. The
atoms produced by a star through millions of years of orderly fusion and the heavy
atoms generated in a few moments of unimaginable chaos are sprayed into space
Every chemical element heavier than hydrogen—most of the atoms that make up the
planets, the ocean, and living creatures—was manufactured by the stars.
supernova correct answersA gigantic explosion in which a massive star collapses and
throws its outer layers into space
,solar nebula correct answersthin cloud from which our sun and its planets formed was
probably struck by the shock wave and some of the matter of an expanding super nova
remnant.
How was earth and its ocean formed? correct answersas an indirect result of a super
nova explosion
accretion correct answersclumping of small particles into large masses
biosynthesis correct answersearly steps in the evolution of living organisms from simple
organic building blocks
density stratification correct answersa slush of lighter minerals— silicon, magnesium,
aluminum, and oxygen-bonded compounds—rose toward the surface, forming Earth's
crust (lasted 100 million years)
outgassing correct answersvolcanic venting of volatile substances-including water
vapor-
Which is greater—the average depth of the ocean or the average elevation of the
continents? correct answersthe average land elevation is only 840 meters, but the
average ocean depth is 4 1/2 times greater
Can the scientific method be applied to speculations about the natural world that are not
subject to test or observation? correct answersthe process of science cannot be applied
to speculations that are not subject to test or observation. science requires a logical
approach to problem solving and a critical attitude about being shown rather than being
told.
What are the major specialties within marine science? correct answersMarine science
draws on several disciplines, integrating the fields of geology, physics, biology,
chemistry, and engineering as they apply to the ocean and its surroundings.
Where did the Earth's heavy elements come from? correct answers- carbon / nitrogen
created in cores of most stars, fused from lighter elements like hydrogen and helium
- heaviest elements (iron) only formed in massive stars which end their lives in
supernova explosions
Where did Earth's surface water come from? correct answersthought to be delivered by
comets or escaped from the crust and mantle through the process of outgassing
Considering what must happen to form them, do you think ocean worlds are relatively
abundant in the galaxy? Why or why not? correct answersOcean worlds are
uncommon, but water on planets is not uncommon
, Earth has had three distinct atmospheres. Where did each one come from, and what
were the major constituents and causes of each? correct answersEarth's first
atmosphere formed during the accretion phase before our planet had a solid surface.
Methane and ammonia with some water vapor and carbon dioxide -- mixtures similar to
those seen in the outer planets and swept from the solar nebula - were probably the
most abundant gases. Radiation from the energetic young sun stripped away our
planet's
How old is Earth? When did life arise? On what is that estimate based? How did the
moon form? correct answersEarth is 4.6 billion years old. The oldest fossils are between
3.4 and 3.5 billion years old. There are 3.85 billion year old specs of carbon that
researchers think could have only come from a living organism. The moon formed when
a mars sized object struct the earth, this created a bunch of debris that formed the
moon through accretion theory.
What is biosynthesis? Where and when do researchers think it might have occurred on
our planet? Could it happen again this afternoon? correct answersBiosynthesis is the
early steps in the evolution of living organisms from simple organtic building blocks. A
similar biosynthesis seems unlikely to occur today. Living things have changed the
conditions in the ocean and atmosphere, and those changes are not consistent with any
new origin of life. There are 3.85 billion year old specs of carbon that researchers think
could have only come from a living organism
Marine biologists sometimes say that all life-forms on Earth, even desert lizards and
alpine plants, are marine. Can you think why? correct answersall life on earth requires
water
How do we know what happened so long ago? correct answersDifferent sources and
techniques, one is meteorities, formed at the same time as the sun and rock planets, we
measure the rate of radioactive decay in the meteriotes, moon rocks, and the oldest
rocks on earth
What is density stratification? What does it have to do with the present structure of
Earth? correct answersThe process of stratification (seperation of rock) by gravity
becuase some elements are heavier than other, it is the reason we have an iron core in
our earth
Do we know of the existence of other water planets? correct answersYes, Jupiter is an
example, water isn't rare in the universe
A light-year is the distance light can travel in 1 year. Light travels at 300,000 kilometers
(186,000 miles) per second. Commercial television broadcasting began in 1939.
Television signals travel at the speed of light. How far away would a space probe have
to be before it could no longer detect those signals? correct answerstake your year
currently for we're in 2010-1939 = 71 then multiple your single light year either
kilometers or miles to get the answer in kilometers or miles
