Test Bank for Clinical Psychology Question
and answer
culture bound disorders - answersabnormal syndromes found only in a few cultural
groups
DSM-5 - answersguide to the diagnosis of mental disorders using 3 major sections
section 1 of DSM-5 - answersDSM-5 Basics; an introduction and directions about how
to use the manual
section 2 of DSM-5 - answersDiagnostic Criteria and Codes (the lists of symptoms
needed to diagnose a disorder)
section 3 of DSM-5 - answersCategories that Need More Research
P. Pinel and Dorothea Dix - answersargued for more humane treatment of people with
psychological disorders
Thomas Szasz - answersclaimed that mental illness was a myth; behaviors were unusal
and not socially acceptable but couldn't be diagnosed
David Rosenhan - answersdid a study where he had himself and 7 others admitted to
psych hospitals by claiming they were hearing voices; pseudopatients
deinstitutionalization - answersclosed many large state-supported hospitals and
proposed the creation of smaller, more personalized group homes
biological theory - answers(medical) disorders are a result of physiological problems;
disorders can be treated with drugs or sometimes surgery
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theory - answersunconscious problems such as early
conflicts and defense mechanisms cause disorders; neo-Freudians claimed that
interpersonal, social problems caused disorders, so treatment is psychoanalysis to
determine the root of the conflict
learning (behavioral) theory - answersdisorders are strictly a behavioral proble; it is not
a symptom of an underlying problem; disorders are a result of the acquisition of
inappropriate behaviors so treatment is the extinction of those behaviors
cognitive theory - answersdisorders are a result of faulty thinking about youself and
situations; treatment is therapy to correct thinking patterns
,humanist theory - answersdisorders are a result of a person not valuing themselves or
their goals; treatment is to reduce the gap between self concept and ideal self
diathesis-stress model - answersan individual may have a genetic predisposition for a
disorder but an environmental trigger causes the disorder to appear
socioculturalbiological model - answersdisorders are due to society's criteria and
definitions for appropriate behavior
family systems model - answersdisorders are the result of behaviors, thinking,
expectations, and environment of the individual's household
psychopathology - answersscientific study of psychological disorders
etiology - answerscause of disease
comorbidity - answersthe coexistence of two or more disorders
concordance - answersthe percentage of pairs of twins or other blood relatives who
exhibit a particular trait or disorder
prevalence - answersfraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
incidence - answersnumber of new cases
intellectual disability - answersa person has certain limitations in cognitive functioning
and skills, including communication, social and self-care skills
autism spectrum disorder - answerscharacterized by significant deficits in social
communication and interaction; presence of repetitive patterns of behavior; fixation of
one topic; strict schedule
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - answerscharacterized by impulsivity,
sustained inattention and limited ability to maintain focus on tasks; more common
amongst boys
etiology of autism spectrum disorder - answerspoorly understood but studies suggest
genes may play a role; could be related to problems in the fuctioning of the cerebellum;
mirror neurons might not funtion normally; proposed that children with autism fail to
develop a theory of mind
etiology of ADHD - answerssuggests reduced inhibitory neurotransmitter activity; often
successfully treated with medication
schizophrenia - answersmajor symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized
thinking, abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms; symptoms do not manifest
,until late teens or early twenties; about 1% of people suffer from it worldwide; positive
and negative symptoms
etiology of schizophrenia - answerspossible genetic predispostion; possible excess
dopamine and enlarged vertricles; possible loss of tissue in frontal lobes; correlation
with low socioeconomic status
psychotic symptoms - answersdelusions and hallucinations
hallucinations - answerssee, hear, or sense things that do not actually exist
delusions - answersfalse beliefs
disorganized thinking/speech - answersthoughts being very loosely connected;
switching from one topic to another with little flow
positive symptoms - answersthose that a sufferer has that a healthy person does not
(symptoms that are added; i.e. halluncinations)
negative symptoms - answerssomething the sufferer lack that a healthy person has
bipolar disorder - answerscharacterized by shifts in mood from deep depression to
mania (extreme euphoria, inflated self-esteem, distractability); drastic increase in
impulsivity, engaging in high risk behaviors
cyclothemic disorder - answersa form of bipolar disorder that involves less severe bouts
of mania and depression that persist over at least a two-year period
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder - answersa childhood disorder marked by
severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood
major depressive disorder - answerscharacterized by deep sadness, feelings of
hopelessness and worthlessness, loss of energy, loss of interest in previously
pleasureable activities, and significant changes in weight and sleep patterns and
suicidal thoughts
persistent depressive disorder - answersa chronic mood disorder similar to depression,
characterized by consistent sadness that is accompanied by eating and sleep
disturband, low energy and self-esteem and diminished concentration; symptoms need
to be present for at least one year in children and two years in adults
seasonal affective disorder - answerscharacterized by major depressive symptos that
are triggered by changes in the seasons; can be treated with intensive exposure to
artificial life
, etiology of bipolar and depressive disorders - answersgenetic predisposition; low levels
of serotonin and nonepinephrine; brain becomes trapped in a "stress loop" leading to
impaired function in the the hippocampus; tend to have pessimistic explanatory styles;
incongruence between one's real and ideal self
specific phobia - answersfears triggered by certain stimuli, such as animals, hights, or
enclosed spaces
social anxiety disorder - answersmarked by extreme shyness and fear of being
scutinized and criticized by others
panic disorder - answersmarked by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks; experience
intense fear accompanied by significant sympathetic nervous system activation; can be
marked by fear that one might have another panic attack
generalized anxiety disorder - answersmarked by chronic, high levels of anxiety with
ongoing tension, apprehension and nervousness that does not seem to be linked to any
specific trigger or stimulus
etiology of anxiety disorders - answersfears are conditioned; biologically prepared to
fear things; genetic predisposition for panic disorders and phobias; correlation between
anxiety disorders and low levels of GABA
obsessive-compulsive disorder - answersobsessions are persistent, undesired thoughts,
while compulsions are actions that one feels driven to carry out; sufferers often
recognize that their obsessions and/or compulsions are irrational or maladaptive but
cannot control them
body dysmorphic disorder - answerscharacterized by intense anxiety about one or more
perceived physical deformities or defects; possible cultural contributions
hoarding disorder - answersa perceived need to save and collect items and suffers
extreme anxiety about discarding or parting with those possessions
etiology of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders - answersgenetic predisposition;
malfunctions in the serotonin system; behavior may be operantly reinforced;
sociocultural factors
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - answersoccurs after a deeply troubling event;
marked by restlessness, irritability, sleep impairment, loss of concentration, nightmares
and flashbacks; significantly fewer positive emotions are experienced and increased
anger, horror, guilt, shame and sadness
acute stress disorder - answersan anxiety disorder similar to PTSD in which fear and
related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event, but they last less than
a month
and answer
culture bound disorders - answersabnormal syndromes found only in a few cultural
groups
DSM-5 - answersguide to the diagnosis of mental disorders using 3 major sections
section 1 of DSM-5 - answersDSM-5 Basics; an introduction and directions about how
to use the manual
section 2 of DSM-5 - answersDiagnostic Criteria and Codes (the lists of symptoms
needed to diagnose a disorder)
section 3 of DSM-5 - answersCategories that Need More Research
P. Pinel and Dorothea Dix - answersargued for more humane treatment of people with
psychological disorders
Thomas Szasz - answersclaimed that mental illness was a myth; behaviors were unusal
and not socially acceptable but couldn't be diagnosed
David Rosenhan - answersdid a study where he had himself and 7 others admitted to
psych hospitals by claiming they were hearing voices; pseudopatients
deinstitutionalization - answersclosed many large state-supported hospitals and
proposed the creation of smaller, more personalized group homes
biological theory - answers(medical) disorders are a result of physiological problems;
disorders can be treated with drugs or sometimes surgery
psychoanalytic/psychodynamic theory - answersunconscious problems such as early
conflicts and defense mechanisms cause disorders; neo-Freudians claimed that
interpersonal, social problems caused disorders, so treatment is psychoanalysis to
determine the root of the conflict
learning (behavioral) theory - answersdisorders are strictly a behavioral proble; it is not
a symptom of an underlying problem; disorders are a result of the acquisition of
inappropriate behaviors so treatment is the extinction of those behaviors
cognitive theory - answersdisorders are a result of faulty thinking about youself and
situations; treatment is therapy to correct thinking patterns
,humanist theory - answersdisorders are a result of a person not valuing themselves or
their goals; treatment is to reduce the gap between self concept and ideal self
diathesis-stress model - answersan individual may have a genetic predisposition for a
disorder but an environmental trigger causes the disorder to appear
socioculturalbiological model - answersdisorders are due to society's criteria and
definitions for appropriate behavior
family systems model - answersdisorders are the result of behaviors, thinking,
expectations, and environment of the individual's household
psychopathology - answersscientific study of psychological disorders
etiology - answerscause of disease
comorbidity - answersthe coexistence of two or more disorders
concordance - answersthe percentage of pairs of twins or other blood relatives who
exhibit a particular trait or disorder
prevalence - answersfraction of a population having a specific disease at a given time
incidence - answersnumber of new cases
intellectual disability - answersa person has certain limitations in cognitive functioning
and skills, including communication, social and self-care skills
autism spectrum disorder - answerscharacterized by significant deficits in social
communication and interaction; presence of repetitive patterns of behavior; fixation of
one topic; strict schedule
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) - answerscharacterized by impulsivity,
sustained inattention and limited ability to maintain focus on tasks; more common
amongst boys
etiology of autism spectrum disorder - answerspoorly understood but studies suggest
genes may play a role; could be related to problems in the fuctioning of the cerebellum;
mirror neurons might not funtion normally; proposed that children with autism fail to
develop a theory of mind
etiology of ADHD - answerssuggests reduced inhibitory neurotransmitter activity; often
successfully treated with medication
schizophrenia - answersmajor symptoms include hallucinations, delusions, disorganized
thinking, abnormal motor behavior, and negative symptoms; symptoms do not manifest
,until late teens or early twenties; about 1% of people suffer from it worldwide; positive
and negative symptoms
etiology of schizophrenia - answerspossible genetic predispostion; possible excess
dopamine and enlarged vertricles; possible loss of tissue in frontal lobes; correlation
with low socioeconomic status
psychotic symptoms - answersdelusions and hallucinations
hallucinations - answerssee, hear, or sense things that do not actually exist
delusions - answersfalse beliefs
disorganized thinking/speech - answersthoughts being very loosely connected;
switching from one topic to another with little flow
positive symptoms - answersthose that a sufferer has that a healthy person does not
(symptoms that are added; i.e. halluncinations)
negative symptoms - answerssomething the sufferer lack that a healthy person has
bipolar disorder - answerscharacterized by shifts in mood from deep depression to
mania (extreme euphoria, inflated self-esteem, distractability); drastic increase in
impulsivity, engaging in high risk behaviors
cyclothemic disorder - answersa form of bipolar disorder that involves less severe bouts
of mania and depression that persist over at least a two-year period
disruptive mood dysregulation disorder - answersa childhood disorder marked by
severe recurrent temper outbursts along with a persistent irritable or angry mood
major depressive disorder - answerscharacterized by deep sadness, feelings of
hopelessness and worthlessness, loss of energy, loss of interest in previously
pleasureable activities, and significant changes in weight and sleep patterns and
suicidal thoughts
persistent depressive disorder - answersa chronic mood disorder similar to depression,
characterized by consistent sadness that is accompanied by eating and sleep
disturband, low energy and self-esteem and diminished concentration; symptoms need
to be present for at least one year in children and two years in adults
seasonal affective disorder - answerscharacterized by major depressive symptos that
are triggered by changes in the seasons; can be treated with intensive exposure to
artificial life
, etiology of bipolar and depressive disorders - answersgenetic predisposition; low levels
of serotonin and nonepinephrine; brain becomes trapped in a "stress loop" leading to
impaired function in the the hippocampus; tend to have pessimistic explanatory styles;
incongruence between one's real and ideal self
specific phobia - answersfears triggered by certain stimuli, such as animals, hights, or
enclosed spaces
social anxiety disorder - answersmarked by extreme shyness and fear of being
scutinized and criticized by others
panic disorder - answersmarked by recurrent, unexpected panic attacks; experience
intense fear accompanied by significant sympathetic nervous system activation; can be
marked by fear that one might have another panic attack
generalized anxiety disorder - answersmarked by chronic, high levels of anxiety with
ongoing tension, apprehension and nervousness that does not seem to be linked to any
specific trigger or stimulus
etiology of anxiety disorders - answersfears are conditioned; biologically prepared to
fear things; genetic predisposition for panic disorders and phobias; correlation between
anxiety disorders and low levels of GABA
obsessive-compulsive disorder - answersobsessions are persistent, undesired thoughts,
while compulsions are actions that one feels driven to carry out; sufferers often
recognize that their obsessions and/or compulsions are irrational or maladaptive but
cannot control them
body dysmorphic disorder - answerscharacterized by intense anxiety about one or more
perceived physical deformities or defects; possible cultural contributions
hoarding disorder - answersa perceived need to save and collect items and suffers
extreme anxiety about discarding or parting with those possessions
etiology of obsessive-compulsive and related disorders - answersgenetic predisposition;
malfunctions in the serotonin system; behavior may be operantly reinforced;
sociocultural factors
posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) - answersoccurs after a deeply troubling event;
marked by restlessness, irritability, sleep impairment, loss of concentration, nightmares
and flashbacks; significantly fewer positive emotions are experienced and increased
anger, horror, guilt, shame and sadness
acute stress disorder - answersan anxiety disorder similar to PTSD in which fear and
related symptoms are experienced soon after a traumatic event, but they last less than
a month
