NR 507 ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, NR507
MIDTERM, NR 507 FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS PASSED
ALREADY GRADED A+
The only way for a hormone to work is through the blood stream. - correct answer ✔✔False.
The endocrine cell can also secrete hormones that target cells directly close it. When this
occurs, this type of secretion is known as paracrine signaling.
Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cell's cytoplasm -
correct answer ✔✔True.
This statement is true. Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors
in the cell's cytoplasm.
The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - correct answer ✔✔True.
This statement is true. The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones
To be considered a lipid hormone, it must be bound to a protein and it must bind to receptors
inside the cell membrane - correct answer ✔✔False.
It must be bound to a protein and it bind to receptors on the cell membrane rather than inside
the cell membrane.
,The pineal gland is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle - correct answer ✔✔True.
The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - correct answer ✔✔False.
The posterior pituitary receives its hormones (oxytocin and ADH) from the hypothalamus. The
anterior pituitary produces its own hormones.
Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. - correct
answer ✔✔This statement is true.
Hyperthyroidism - correct answer ✔✔Elevated Thyroid Hormone
Suppressed TSH
Enlarged liver
Hand tremors
Hypothyroidism - correct answer ✔✔Decreased thyroid hormone and
Elevated TSH
Fatigue
Diminished deep tendon reflexes
Type 1 DM - correct answer ✔✔Onset 1<10-20 years
Associated with diabetic ketoacidosis
Symptoms: polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
Autoimmune:Genetic and environmental factors, resulting in gradual process of autoimmune
destruction in genetically susceptible individuals
Nonautoimmune:Unknown
,Strong association with HLA-DQA and HLA-DQB genes
acute complications: Diabetic ketoacidosis
Type 2 DM - correct answer ✔✔Usually > 40 years of age
Associated with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Symptoms: weakness, weight loss, infections
Results from genetic susceptibility (polygenic) combined with environmental determinants and
other risk factors
Inherited defects in beta-cell mass and function combined with peripheral tissue insulin
resistance
Associated with long-duration obesity
strong genetic association
Acute complications: Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
alpha cells - correct answer ✔✔responsible for secreting glucagon
beta cells - correct answer ✔✔responsible for secreting insulin and amylin
inhibits glucagon secretion
delta cells - correct answer ✔✔responsible for secreting gastrin and somatostatin
F (PP) Cells - correct answer ✔✔secrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates gastric
secretions and antagonizes cholecystokinin.
, Criteria to diagnose Diabetes Type 1 and 2 - correct answer ✔✔FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L).
Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h*
OR
2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as described by
the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in
water*
OR
A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that is
NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay*
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma
glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
*In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, diagnosis requires two abnormal test results
from the same sample or in two separate test samples
pre-screening for DM - correct answer ✔✔HbA1c (as measured in a DCCT-referenced assay)
≥6.5%
OR
FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L); fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hr.
OR
2-hr plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an OGTT
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma
glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
Categories of Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes) - correct answer ✔✔1. FPG 100 to 125
mg/dL
2. 2-hr PG in the range of 140 to 199 mg/dL during an OGTT
MIDTERM, NR 507 FINAL EXAM
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS PASSED
ALREADY GRADED A+
The only way for a hormone to work is through the blood stream. - correct answer ✔✔False.
The endocrine cell can also secrete hormones that target cells directly close it. When this
occurs, this type of secretion is known as paracrine signaling.
Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors in the cell's cytoplasm -
correct answer ✔✔True.
This statement is true. Lipid-derived hormones cross the cell membrane and bind to receptors
in the cell's cytoplasm.
The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - correct answer ✔✔True.
This statement is true. The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones
To be considered a lipid hormone, it must be bound to a protein and it must bind to receptors
inside the cell membrane - correct answer ✔✔False.
It must be bound to a protein and it bind to receptors on the cell membrane rather than inside
the cell membrane.
,The pineal gland is responsible for regulating the sleep-wake cycle - correct answer ✔✔True.
The posterior lobe of the pituitary produces its own hormones - correct answer ✔✔False.
The posterior pituitary receives its hormones (oxytocin and ADH) from the hypothalamus. The
anterior pituitary produces its own hormones.
Aldosterone promotes sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion in the kidneys. - correct
answer ✔✔This statement is true.
Hyperthyroidism - correct answer ✔✔Elevated Thyroid Hormone
Suppressed TSH
Enlarged liver
Hand tremors
Hypothyroidism - correct answer ✔✔Decreased thyroid hormone and
Elevated TSH
Fatigue
Diminished deep tendon reflexes
Type 1 DM - correct answer ✔✔Onset 1<10-20 years
Associated with diabetic ketoacidosis
Symptoms: polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia
Autoimmune:Genetic and environmental factors, resulting in gradual process of autoimmune
destruction in genetically susceptible individuals
Nonautoimmune:Unknown
,Strong association with HLA-DQA and HLA-DQB genes
acute complications: Diabetic ketoacidosis
Type 2 DM - correct answer ✔✔Usually > 40 years of age
Associated with hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
Symptoms: weakness, weight loss, infections
Results from genetic susceptibility (polygenic) combined with environmental determinants and
other risk factors
Inherited defects in beta-cell mass and function combined with peripheral tissue insulin
resistance
Associated with long-duration obesity
strong genetic association
Acute complications: Hyperosmolar nonketotic coma
alpha cells - correct answer ✔✔responsible for secreting glucagon
beta cells - correct answer ✔✔responsible for secreting insulin and amylin
inhibits glucagon secretion
delta cells - correct answer ✔✔responsible for secreting gastrin and somatostatin
F (PP) Cells - correct answer ✔✔secrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates gastric
secretions and antagonizes cholecystokinin.
, Criteria to diagnose Diabetes Type 1 and 2 - correct answer ✔✔FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L).
Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h*
OR
2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as described by
the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75 g anhydrous glucose dissolved in
water*
OR
A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that is
NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay*
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma
glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
*In the absence of unequivocal hyperglycemia, diagnosis requires two abnormal test results
from the same sample or in two separate test samples
pre-screening for DM - correct answer ✔✔HbA1c (as measured in a DCCT-referenced assay)
≥6.5%
OR
FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L); fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 hr.
OR
2-hr plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during an OGTT
OR
In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma
glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L)
Categories of Increased Risk for Diabetes (Prediabetes) - correct answer ✔✔1. FPG 100 to 125
mg/dL
2. 2-hr PG in the range of 140 to 199 mg/dL during an OGTT
