NAVLE STUDY GUIDE
Toxicology Small Animals
Xylitol
• Problem in Dogs
• Rapid release of insulin - monitor for hypoglycemia
• Vomiting, weakness, ataxia, depression, seizures and coma
• Hepatic failure (less commonly)
Bleach
• Dilute stomach with milk, DO NOT induce emesis
• GI protectants
Black widow spiders
• Acetylcholine is the toxin that binds calcium channels
• Recumbent, vocalizing, pain, rigidity with muscle spasms
• Death from respiratory/cardiovascular failure
Rodenticides
• Warfarin = anticoagulant - interferes with II, VII, IX, and X
• Brodifacoum = D-con - inhibits epoxide reductase
• Cholecalciferol = increased resorption of calcium and gut absorption
Ethylene glycol
• High anion gap, azotemia, calcium oxalate crystalluria, metabolic acidosis
• Treatment aimed at alcohol dehydrogenase - give 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP)
• Ethanol competes with this enzyme when given soon after exposure
Organophosphate
• Inhibit acetylcholinesterase causing muscarinic signs
• Treatment = atropine or 2-PAM (pralidoxime - anticholinesterase)
Fleet enemas
, • High in phosphorus - leads to decrease in serum calcium
• Give calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders
Strychnine
• Competitively antagonizes action of glycine
• Give methocarbamol (for convulsions), prevent stimulation
Chocolate
• CNS excitation, tachycardia, vasoconstriction
• Highest concentration of toxin in unsweetened baking chocolate
Pyrethrins
• Toxic to CATS, alters activity of sodium ion channels
• Depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors
Acetominophen
• Toxic to CATS
• Cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase
• Treatment with N-acetylcysteine
HEINZ BODY ANEMIA
• Methylene blue, molybdenum deficiency, rye grass, brassica family
• Zinc from pennies minted after 1983
• Onions can cause hemolytic anemia
• Red maple leaves = Acer rubrum - HORSES - see icterus
RENAL FAILURE
• Grapes and raisins
• Lillies - ACUTE RENAL FAILURE in cats
• Cala Lilly - calcium oxalates
• Tiger Lilly - renal toxin
Large Animals
Toxicology Small Animals
Xylitol
• Problem in Dogs
• Rapid release of insulin - monitor for hypoglycemia
• Vomiting, weakness, ataxia, depression, seizures and coma
• Hepatic failure (less commonly)
Bleach
• Dilute stomach with milk, DO NOT induce emesis
• GI protectants
Black widow spiders
• Acetylcholine is the toxin that binds calcium channels
• Recumbent, vocalizing, pain, rigidity with muscle spasms
• Death from respiratory/cardiovascular failure
Rodenticides
• Warfarin = anticoagulant - interferes with II, VII, IX, and X
• Brodifacoum = D-con - inhibits epoxide reductase
• Cholecalciferol = increased resorption of calcium and gut absorption
Ethylene glycol
• High anion gap, azotemia, calcium oxalate crystalluria, metabolic acidosis
• Treatment aimed at alcohol dehydrogenase - give 4-methylpyrazole (4-MP)
• Ethanol competes with this enzyme when given soon after exposure
Organophosphate
• Inhibit acetylcholinesterase causing muscarinic signs
• Treatment = atropine or 2-PAM (pralidoxime - anticholinesterase)
Fleet enemas
, • High in phosphorus - leads to decrease in serum calcium
• Give calcium gluconate, phosphorus binders
Strychnine
• Competitively antagonizes action of glycine
• Give methocarbamol (for convulsions), prevent stimulation
Chocolate
• CNS excitation, tachycardia, vasoconstriction
• Highest concentration of toxin in unsweetened baking chocolate
Pyrethrins
• Toxic to CATS, alters activity of sodium ion channels
• Depression, hypersalivation, ataxia, muscle tremors
Acetominophen
• Toxic to CATS
• Cats lack glutathione and glucoronyl transferase
• Treatment with N-acetylcysteine
HEINZ BODY ANEMIA
• Methylene blue, molybdenum deficiency, rye grass, brassica family
• Zinc from pennies minted after 1983
• Onions can cause hemolytic anemia
• Red maple leaves = Acer rubrum - HORSES - see icterus
RENAL FAILURE
• Grapes and raisins
• Lillies - ACUTE RENAL FAILURE in cats
• Cala Lilly - calcium oxalates
• Tiger Lilly - renal toxin
Large Animals
