Bio 400 Exam Graded A+

Bio 400 Exam Graded A+ Biology - Answer- the study of living things coined by lamarck 1802 ( a french botanist zoologist and evolutinary thinker) Between the golden age of ancient greece and the mid 19th century two disciplines studied living things and the proterties of life - Answer- natural history and medicine what does the discipline of history attempt to understand - Answer- attempts to understand the human past,particularly change in the human past. It is the broadest and most intergrative of all intellecutal disciplines intelectul history (including the history of science) can be understodd on the basis of two kind of factors - Answer- subdivision of history Intellectual histroy - Answer- what are both historical in nature - Answer- the disciplines of biology and history why study history? - Answer- - intellectual curiosity - expand ones imagination - to use past to guide are fututre actions -to connect with the past on emotional and spiritual level - guilty pleasure primary sources - Answer- - pieces of evidence from the time in question - all historical knowledge you aquire apart from your memories comes from primary sources examples of primary sources - Answer- - written documents - government archives - legal proceedings - diaries - work of literature - photographs secondary sources - Answer- - syntheses of primary sources or of other secondary sources - most historical knoweldge that non historians consumr is in the form of secondary soruces examples of secondary sources - Answer- - research report - a review - a textbook - a artivle or book philosophical approaches to the understanding of history - Answer- 1) empirical,source based,corrigible 2) metaphysicl or speculative philosophy of history- the search for overreaching laws, directions,principles or meaning in history ways of presenting history in a course like this - Answer- - chronologically - biographically - topically chronologically advantages and disadvantages - Answer- advantages: makes some casual relationships and temporal connections clear disadvantages: can be difficult to follow separate threads, eg in biology diversity, organismal function, medicine can be montonous biographically advantages and disadvantges - Answer- advantages: critical individuals have been important in history ( Alexander the Great,nappoleon,Darwin,Lenin) makes history more accessible and comrehensible tp non historians disadvantages: can be false to the subject much of history cinsists of contribution and actions of many people most important concepts dont lend themselves to this kind of treatment (eg economic influences,geographic influences) topically advantages and disadvantages - Answer- advantages: particularly suited to intellectual history makes the flow and interior dynamic of a field clear disadvantage: makes historical milieux and exterior influences harder to discern what are the four main biological questions - Answer- 1) what living things are there in the world and how do they interact 2) where do organisms (both individuals and species) come from 3) how do organisms work? 4) why do offspring resemble their parents, why are off spring different from their parents? Dates B.C A.D BCE CE - Answer- BC: before christ AD: Anno domini year of our lord BCE: before the common era CE: common era aristole born - Answer- 384 BC Aristotle lived after Thales, was young when Democritus and Hippocrates were old men, and was a younger contemporary of Plato The Holocene calendar (Human Era) - add 10,000 to the current year. - Answer- Year 0 is 10,000 B.C., approximately when the first large stone structures were built in southeastern Turkey (Gobekli Tepe). This is when our ancestors began building new environments. A calendar adding 10,000 to the current year, with Year 0 being 10,000 B.C. This year is Year 12023 (HE). Hunter-gathers - Answer- people needed a working knowledge of animal biology the habits of animils ( for example,seasons migrations,bheviour when attacked) their internal anatomy,how best to kill them what did hunter-gather need to acknowldge with plants - Answer- needed the knoweldge of plant diversity and uses: plants as food,plants as medicines,plants as weapons,tools and construction materials. Domestication of plants and animals - Answer- meant that their reproduction fell under the control of people which eventually led to artificial selection: deliberate,selcetive breeding for altered characteristics Domesticated plants - Answer- arose by both the unintentioanl and intentioanl selection - traits that were selected during plant domestication agriculture - Answer- the domestication of wild plants and the production of new varieties of plants required much biological knoweldge domestication of animals - Answer- involved keeping animals alive rather than hunting and killing them. This would have required knowledge of nutrition,breeding,behaviour and disease subdivisions of medicine in early civilizations - Answer- pharmacology, surgery and magic and religion, ususally done by different practioners In egypt what were physicians among - Answer- the elite and were organized into a hiearchy from cheif physician to nadnager Imhotep (c. BC), architect, physician, polymath, might have written surgical texts. He was deified by the Egyptians after this death. who is one of the worlds oldest medical treatises - Answer- Edwin Smith papyrus (c. 1600 BC; its contents might go back to 2700 BC and Imhotep). It discusses the diagnosis and treatment of traumatic military injuries, presented as 48 case histories. It contains very little magic, shows some knowledge of anatomy, and speculates about physiology. the ebers Papyrus (1550 BC) - Answer- contains both practical advice and magic. There are over 700 drugs and formulas givens in ancient china what were the most important medical texts - Answer- The Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon (2nd century BC?). context of the yellow emperors inner cannon - Answer- Illness is the result of natural causes, not demons or other supernatural phenomena, a concept seen also in some medical approaches in Egypt and Greece. Illness can result from the disruption of the flow of chi (qi), a vital energy that travels through the body along defined pathways called meridians. Imbalances of yin and yang can also lead to illness. The yin principle is negative, cold, dark, empty, earthly and feminine. The yang principle is positive, warm, bright, full, heavenly and masculine. The human body is a microcosm that reflects the world as a whole, the macrocosm. As a result of the microcosm / macrocosm correspondence, nature's Five Phases (or Five Elements) - Answer- wood, fire, earth, metal, water - have correspondences to parts of the mind and body. Their relationships can be manipulated by the physician for the benefit of the patient. over 5500 years ago what did both egypt and Mesopotamia have - Answer- in the early cities both had menageries, zoos and botanical gardens. From Africa - giraffes, cheetahs, monkeys from the Mediterranean - sealsfrom Asia - bears, elephants+ rare trees, exotic birds, fish The persian formal garden (6th - 4th centuries BC) - Answer- consisted of four equal sections separated by canals; the whole garden was surrounded by high walls. who invented scince - Answer- the greek philosophers,natural historians and physicians deserve credit for inventing science and scientific curiosity what is there no such thing as in terms of science - Answer- There is no such thing as culture-specific science, at the level of fundamental aim and approach. attributes of the greek character - Answer- - humanism - rationalsim - curiosity - individualsim - pursuit of excellence - love of freedom assumptions of the greeks about the world and its study - Answer- - there is a hidden order underlying the natural world - tis order is innate and is not imposed from outside nature by mysterious capricious gods - this order can be discenrned by the human mind what did the greeks tried to find natural causes of things by two means - Answer- Reason and observation approaches to understand reality Why did the Greek intellectual traditions discard religious and supernatural explanations of the world, at least in part? - Answer- - The Greek religion had no complete, systematic explanation of the world. - The Greek gods took little interest in the world and in people. The Greek gods had human characteristics and faults. - Priests did not dominate Greek civilization. The Milesian School (Thales, Anaximander, Anaximenes) - Answer- Very little is known about Thales of Miletus (650? - 580? BC); he left no writings and perhaps was illiterate. But some of his views, and the views of Anaximander and Anaximenes, were put down in the historical record by Aristotle, who knew of them and who discussed their ideas in his bookMetaphysics. Later Greek philosophers regarded Thales as the first natural philosopher. thales teachings - Answer- - the earth is a disc surrounded on all sides by water -water is the begining of all things, the fundamental element out of which all else is made - the forces that cause change in matter are consolidation and expansion - because of their naturalism and their ideas on the unity of matter the milesians can lay a clam to have invented sciences Who is Empedocles 432-492 BC? - Answer- - Empedocles, like Thales, was more of a philosopher than a natural historian. He had a materialist and causal view of nature. -Empedocles was the originator of the four-element model of nature: fire, air, water and earth compose everything. He believed that these elements combine and dissociate because of two forces: love (attraction) and hate (repulsion).