Infant & Child Development Exam 2 Questions With 100% Correct And Verified Answers.

Height and weight - correct answers____ & ______ gains are greater during the first 2 years than at any other time after birth. Body fat develops quickly during the first nine months, whereas muscle development is slow and gradual. Cephalocaudal & proximodistal trends - correct answers Parts of the body grow at different rates, following ___ & ___ _____'s, resulting in changing body proportions GIrls; African American;C Caucasian - correct answers___ are ahead of boys in physical maturity, and ___ ____ children tend to be ahead of ______-American children, based on skeletcal age. Heredity; early experiences - correct answers Both ____ & ___ ___ contribute to brain organization. Sensitive periods - correct answers Stimulation of the brain is essential during ___ ____- periods in which the brain is developing most rapidly Experience-expectant brain growth - correct answers Appropriate early stimulation promotes ___-___ ___ ___ through ordinary experiences. No evidence exists for a ordinary experiences. Experience-dependent brain growth - correct answers No evidence exists for a sensitive period in the first few years for ___-___ ___ ___, which relies on specific learning experiences. In fact, environments that overwhelm children with inappropriately advanced expectations can undermine the brains potential Infant's changing arousal patterns are primarily affected by brain growth, but the social environment also plays a role. Periods of sleep & wakefulness become fewer but longer over the first 2 years, conforming ot a night-day schedule. Most parents in Western nations try to get their babies to sleep through he night much earlier than parents throughout most of the world,who are more likely to sleep with their babies. - correct answers How does organization of sleep & wakefulness change over the first 2 years? Twin & adoption studies reveal that heredity contributes ot body size & rate of physical growth Breast milk is ideally suited to infants' growth needs. Breastfeeding protects against disease & prevents malnutrition & infant death in poverty-stricken areas of the world Most infants & toddlers can eat nutritious foods freely without risk of becoming overweight. However, the relationship between rapid weight gain in infancy & obesity at older ages is strengthening, perhaps because of a rise in unhealthy early feeding practices, in which babies are given high fat foods & sugary drinks - correct answersCite evidence indicating that heredity, nutrition & parental affection contribute to early physical growth: Marasmus & kwashiorkor; Growth faltering - correct answersCite evidence indicating that heredity, nutrition & parental affection contribute to early physical growth: ___ & ____ are dietary diseases caused by malnutrition that affect many children in developing countries and, if prolonged, can permanently stunt body growth & brain development. __ ___ illustrates the importance of parental affection & early emotional well-being for normal physical growth Classical conditioning (CC); unconditioned stimulus (UCS) - correct answersDescribe infant learning capacities, conditions under which they occur, & the unique value of each: ___ ____-is based on infants ability to associate events that usually occur together in the everyday world. Infants can be ___ ____ easily when the pairing of an ____ ____ and ___ ___ has survival value- for example, learning which stimuli regularly accompany feeding Operant conditioning; reinforcers; punishment - correct answersDescribe infant learning capacities, conditions under which they occur, & the unique value of each: ___ ___, infants act on their environment & their behavior is followed by either ___ , which increase the occurrence of a preceding behavior, or ___, which either removes a desirable stimulus or presents an unpleasant one to decrease the occurrence of a response. ex: in young infants, interesting sights & sounds & pleasurable caregiver interaction serve as effective reinforces Habituation; recovery - correct answersDescribe infant learning capacities, conditions under which they occur, & the unique value of each: ___ & ____ reveal that at birth, babies are attracted to novelty. Novelty preference assesses recent memory, whereas familiarity preference assess remote memory limitation; mirror neurons - correct answersDescribe infant learning capacities, conditions under which they occur, & the unique value of each: Newborns also have a primitive ability to imitate adults' facial expressions & gestures. ___ is a powerful means of learning,which contributes to the parents-infant bond. Scientists have identified specialized cells called __ ___ that underlie these capacities. However, whether newborn imitation is a voluntary capacity remains controversial Dynamic systems theory of motor development - correct answersDiscuss the general course of motor development during the first 2 years, along with factors that influence it: According to the __ ___ Theory of ___ ___, children acquire new motor skills by combining existing skills into increasingly complex systems of action. Each new skill is a joint product of central nervous system development, the body's movement possibilities, the child's goals, & environmental supports for the skill - correct answersDiscuss the general course of motor development during the first 2 years, along with factors that influence it: Movement opportunities & a stimulating environment profoundly affect motor development, as shown by research on infants reared in deprived institutions. Cultural values & child-rearing customs contribute to the emergence & refinement of early motor skills Prereaching; ulnar grasp; pincer grasp - correct answersDiscuss the general course of motor development during the first 2 years, along with factors that influence it: During the first year, infants perfect their reaching & grasping. The poorly coordinated ___ of the newborn period drops out. Gradually, reaching becomes more flexible & accurate & the clumsy ___ ___ is transformed into a refined __ ___ by the end of the first year Statistical learning capacity - correct answersWhat changes in hearing & in depth, pattern, object & inter-modal perception take place during infancy? Infants organize sounds into increasingly complex patterns and, in the middle of the first year, become more sensitive to the sounds of their own language. They have an impressive ___ ___ ___, which enable them to detect speech regularities for which they will later learn meanings. - correct answersWhat changes in hearing & in depth, pattern, object & inter-modal perception take place during infancy? Rapid maturation of the eye and visual centers in the cerebral cortex supports the development o focusing, color discrimination, and visual acuity during the first few months. The ability to scan the environment and track moving objects also improves - correct answersWhat changes in hearing & in depth, pattern, object & inter-modal perception take place during infancy? Research on depth perception reveals that responsiveness to motion develops first, followed by sensitivity to binocular and then to pictorial depth cues. Experience in crawling enhances depth perception, but babies must learn to use depth cues for each body position in order to avoid drop-offs contrast sensitvity - correct answersWhat changes in hearing & in depth, pattern, object & inter-modal perception take place during infancy? ___ ___ accounts for infants' early pattern preferences. At first, babies stare at single, high-contrast features. Over time, they discriminate increasingly complex and meaningful patterns. - correct answersWhat changes in hearing & in depth, pattern, object & inter-modal perception take place during infancy? Newborns prefer to look at photos an simplified drawings of faces. Around 2 months, they recognize and prefer their mother's facial features 3 months- distinguish the futures of different faces 5 months-on- they perceive emotional expressions as meaningful wholes birth; shape constancy - correct answersWhat changes in hearing & in depth, pattern, object & inter-modal perception take place during infancy? At birth, ___ & ___ ___ help babies begin to detect a coherent world of objects. At first, infants depend on motion & spatial arrangement to identify objects After 4 months--they rely on increasingly on object features such as distinct shape & surface pattern. Soon they can monitor increasingly intricate paths of objects, and they look for feature information to detect the identity of a moving object Intermodel perception; amodal sensory properties - correct answersWhat changes in hearing & in depth, pattern, object & inter-modal perception take place during infancy? From the start, infants are capable of ___ ___-combining information across sensory moldalities. Detection of ____ ____ _____, such as common rate, rhythm, or intensity, provides the basis for detecting many inter-modal matches According to differentiation theory, perceptual development is a matter of detecting increasingly fine-grained invariant features in a constantly changing perceptual world. Perceptual differentiation is guided by discovery of affordances--the action possibilities that a situation offers the individual - correct answersExplain differentiation theory of perceptual development: By acting on the environment, children move through four stages in which psychological structures, or schemes, achieve a better fit with external reality Schemes change in 2 ways: through ADAPTATION, which is made up of 2 complementary activities- ASSIMILATION & ACCOMMODATION; & through ORGANIZATION, the internal rearrangement of schemes into a strongly interconnected cognitive system - correct answersAccording to Piaget, how do schemes change over the course of development? In the SENSORIMOROTOR STAGE, the CIRCULAR REACTION provides a means of adapting first schemes and the newborn baby's reflexes gradually transform into the more flexible action patterns of the older infant Around 8 months- infants develop INTENTIONAL, or GOAL-DIRECTED, BEHAVIOR & begin to understand OBJECT PERMANECNEC - correct answersDescribe major cognitive attainments of sensorimotor stage: 12- 18 month olds engage in more deliberate, varied exploration & no longer make the A-NOT-B SEARCH ERROR. Between 18-24 months, MENTAL REPRESENTATION is evident in sudden solutions to sensorimotor problems, mastery of object-permanence problems involving g invisible displacement, DEFERRED IMITATION, & MAKE-BELIEVE PLAY - correct answersDescribe major cognitive attainments of sensorimotor stage: Many studies suggest that infants display a variety of understandings earlier than Piaget believed. Some awareness of object permanence, as revealed by the VIOLATION-OF-EXPECTATION METHOD & object-tracking research, may be evident in the first few months - correct answersWhat does follow-up research say about infant cognitive development & the accuracy of Piaget's sensorimotor stage? Young infants display deferred imitation, & by 10-12 months, they solve problems by analogy-attainments that require mental representation. Older infants/toddlers been imitate rationally, by inferring others' intentions - correct answersWhat does follow-up research say about infant cognitive development & the accuracy of Piaget's sensorimotor stage? A major advance in symbolic understanding, occurring around the 1st birthday, is DISPLACED REFERENCE-the realization that words can be used to cue mental images of things not physically present. The capacity to use language to modify mental representations improves from the end of the 2nd in to the3rd year. Awareness of the symbolic function of pictures emerges in the 1