Human Anatomy Exam questions
and answers graded A+
Osteo progenitor cells - ANS✅✅mitotic stem cells, turn into osteoblasts
osteoblasts - ANS✅✅non mitotic, secretes bone matrix and is responsible for bone growth
osteocyte - ANS✅✅nonmitotic, mature osteoblast that regulates cell activity
osteoclasts - ANS✅✅multi-nucleated, breaks down bone to get Ca, forms medullary cavity
Monocytes - ANS✅✅become osteoclasts
4 functions of monocytes - ANS✅✅secrete enzymes and acid, enzyme breaks down protein, acid
dissolves Ca salts and releases in bloodstream, shape matrix into osteons or trabeculae
collagen - ANS✅✅35% of compact bone
Strengths of bone - ANS✅✅1/2 as strong as steel against compression, equally as strong as steel
against resistance
why old people have brittle bones - ANS✅✅stop producing collagen
function of collagen in bone - ANS✅✅gives bone flexibility and tensile strength without being
brittle
osteoporosis - ANS✅✅bones become lighter and weaker with age
4 ways to slow down loss of bone mass - ANS✅✅increase Ca, F, and vitamin D, eliminate smoking,
weight bearing exercise, medications to increase bone mass
,7 functions of skeletal system - ANS✅✅protection, support, movement, mineral storage, produces
blood, energy storage, hormone production
Osteocalcin - ANS✅✅hormone produced by skeletal system
Osteon (Haversian system) - ANS✅✅fundamental unit of compact bone
Lamella - ANS✅✅Bone matrix ring, concentric and interstitial
Lacuna - ANS✅✅space containing the osteocyte
Central canal (Haversian canal) - ANS✅✅vertical blood vessels
Volkman's Canal - ANS✅✅connect blood vessels horizontally
Canaliculli - ANS✅✅microscopic canals for O2 and nutrients
Trabeculae - ANS✅✅Fundamental unit of spongy bone
2 patterns of ossification - ANS✅✅intramembranous, endochondrial
Mesenchyme - ANS✅✅starting material of intramembranous ossification
Flat/irregular - ANS✅✅bone type of intramembranous ossification
Long/short - ANS✅✅bone type of endochondrial ossificaiton
Flat bones - ANS✅✅thin coat of compact bone, mostly spongy
Examples of flat bones - ANS✅✅Skull, sternum, scapula, ribs
, Irregular bones - ANS✅✅vertebrae and hip bones
Short bones - ANS✅✅cube shaped, bones of wrists and ankles
2 layers of periosteum - ANS✅✅Outer - fibrous layer (DCT), Inner - osteogenic layer
epiphysis - ANS✅✅ends of long bones, mostly made of spongy bone, contains red marrow for
hematopoiesis and yellow marrow when young
diaphysis - ANS✅✅shaft of long bones, compact bone
Medullary cavity - ANS✅✅in the diaphysis, contains yellow bone marrow for fat storage
4 cells within the osteogenic layer - ANS✅✅osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts,
monocytes
Endosteum - ANS✅✅lining inside medullary cavity
3 cells in endosteum - ANS✅✅osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Intramembranous ossification - ANS✅✅sheets of mesenchyme/fibrous connective tissue invaded
by blood vessels, OP, OB, and OC start building/breaking down bone matrix
Endochondrial ossification - ANS✅✅middle of hyaline cartilage is invaded by blood vessels, OP
become OB, OB start making bone and replacing cartilage, OC from mesenchyme shape out
medullary cavity
Primary Ossification Center - ANS✅✅middle of hyaline cartilage
Secondary Ossification Center - ANS✅✅takes place at ends of cartilage and becomes epiphyses
Epiphyseal plate - ANS✅✅a band of cartilage at the junction of diaphyses and epiphyses that
allows for growth in the long bones
and answers graded A+
Osteo progenitor cells - ANS✅✅mitotic stem cells, turn into osteoblasts
osteoblasts - ANS✅✅non mitotic, secretes bone matrix and is responsible for bone growth
osteocyte - ANS✅✅nonmitotic, mature osteoblast that regulates cell activity
osteoclasts - ANS✅✅multi-nucleated, breaks down bone to get Ca, forms medullary cavity
Monocytes - ANS✅✅become osteoclasts
4 functions of monocytes - ANS✅✅secrete enzymes and acid, enzyme breaks down protein, acid
dissolves Ca salts and releases in bloodstream, shape matrix into osteons or trabeculae
collagen - ANS✅✅35% of compact bone
Strengths of bone - ANS✅✅1/2 as strong as steel against compression, equally as strong as steel
against resistance
why old people have brittle bones - ANS✅✅stop producing collagen
function of collagen in bone - ANS✅✅gives bone flexibility and tensile strength without being
brittle
osteoporosis - ANS✅✅bones become lighter and weaker with age
4 ways to slow down loss of bone mass - ANS✅✅increase Ca, F, and vitamin D, eliminate smoking,
weight bearing exercise, medications to increase bone mass
,7 functions of skeletal system - ANS✅✅protection, support, movement, mineral storage, produces
blood, energy storage, hormone production
Osteocalcin - ANS✅✅hormone produced by skeletal system
Osteon (Haversian system) - ANS✅✅fundamental unit of compact bone
Lamella - ANS✅✅Bone matrix ring, concentric and interstitial
Lacuna - ANS✅✅space containing the osteocyte
Central canal (Haversian canal) - ANS✅✅vertical blood vessels
Volkman's Canal - ANS✅✅connect blood vessels horizontally
Canaliculli - ANS✅✅microscopic canals for O2 and nutrients
Trabeculae - ANS✅✅Fundamental unit of spongy bone
2 patterns of ossification - ANS✅✅intramembranous, endochondrial
Mesenchyme - ANS✅✅starting material of intramembranous ossification
Flat/irregular - ANS✅✅bone type of intramembranous ossification
Long/short - ANS✅✅bone type of endochondrial ossificaiton
Flat bones - ANS✅✅thin coat of compact bone, mostly spongy
Examples of flat bones - ANS✅✅Skull, sternum, scapula, ribs
, Irregular bones - ANS✅✅vertebrae and hip bones
Short bones - ANS✅✅cube shaped, bones of wrists and ankles
2 layers of periosteum - ANS✅✅Outer - fibrous layer (DCT), Inner - osteogenic layer
epiphysis - ANS✅✅ends of long bones, mostly made of spongy bone, contains red marrow for
hematopoiesis and yellow marrow when young
diaphysis - ANS✅✅shaft of long bones, compact bone
Medullary cavity - ANS✅✅in the diaphysis, contains yellow bone marrow for fat storage
4 cells within the osteogenic layer - ANS✅✅osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts,
monocytes
Endosteum - ANS✅✅lining inside medullary cavity
3 cells in endosteum - ANS✅✅osteoprogenitor cells, osteoblasts, osteoclasts
Intramembranous ossification - ANS✅✅sheets of mesenchyme/fibrous connective tissue invaded
by blood vessels, OP, OB, and OC start building/breaking down bone matrix
Endochondrial ossification - ANS✅✅middle of hyaline cartilage is invaded by blood vessels, OP
become OB, OB start making bone and replacing cartilage, OC from mesenchyme shape out
medullary cavity
Primary Ossification Center - ANS✅✅middle of hyaline cartilage
Secondary Ossification Center - ANS✅✅takes place at ends of cartilage and becomes epiphyses
Epiphyseal plate - ANS✅✅a band of cartilage at the junction of diaphyses and epiphyses that
allows for growth in the long bones
