PORTAGE LEARNING MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+RECENT VERSION

PORTAGE LEARNING MICROBIOLOGY PRACTICE EXAM QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS | ALREADY GRADED A+RECENT VERSION 1. Virus - ANSWER Not living, not considered microorganisms, considered microbes 2. Microbes - ANSWER Include microorganisms and viruses, can be advantageous or harmful 3. Cell - ANSWER Smallest, most basic biological unit of life 4. All cells are compromised of - ANSWER Macromolecules (building blocks) 5. Four main types of macromolecules founding cells - ANSWER Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and polysaccharides 6. Proteins - ANSWER Comprised of amino acids, facilitate movement of materials, act as enzymes to speed up biochemical processes, structural role 7. Amino Acid - ANSWER Way proteins are formed by varying combinations, 20 different kinds 8. Each protein - ANSWER has its own unique sequence of amino acids 9. Essential Amino Acids - ANSWER human body cannot produce them, they must be taken in from the environment through other sources (food you eat) 10. Nucleic Acid - ANSWER chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell 11. Two types of nucleic acids - ANSWER DNA and RNA 12. DNA - ANSWER deoxyribonucleic acid, contains vast amount of hereditary info and is responsible for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms, made from nucleotides 13. RNA - ANSWER ribonucleic acid, responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA and using it to synthesize proteins 14. Can DNA and RNA be found in the nucleus? - ANSWER Yes 15. Can DNA and RNA leave the nucleus? - ANSWER Only RNA. DNA is highly compact in the nucleus 16. Three parts of a nucleotide - ANSWER Nitrogenous base, sugar called deoxyribose, and a phosphate group 17. Four kinds of nitrogenous bases - ANSWER Adenine or guanine (purine bases) and cytosine or thymine (pyrimidine bases) 18. What forms the backbone of a DNA strand? - ANSWER Sugar and phosphate 19. What base protrudes outward from the deoxyribose sugar? - ANSWER Nitrogenous base 20. Strands from DNA produce a - ANSWER double helix (two strands held together by hydrogen bonding) 21. Adenine and Thymine - ANSWER Complimentary bases, form two hydrogen bonds 22. Guanine and Cytosine - ANSWER Complimentary bases, form three hydrogen bonds 23. RNA contains the _____ ribose rather than deoxyribose - ANSWER Sugar 24. RNA is always ______ stranded - ANSWER Single 25. RNA contains bases - ANSWER adenine, guanine, cytosine, uracil (no thymine); U pairs with A, A can still pair with T 26. Lipids form the - ANSWER foundation of the plasma membrane; this surrounds the cell as a barrier that separates the inside of the cell from the outside surrounding environment 27. Lipids are composed of - ANSWER Hydrophobic hydrocarbons 28. Polysaccharides and Proteins - ANSWER are often associated with the membrane and aid in controlling movement of materials in and out of the cell 29. Lipid Bi-Layer - ANSWER Two layers of lipids stacked on top of each other, with the hydrophobic tail regions pointing inward 30. Carbohydrates - ANSWER Made of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen atoms (CH2O)n (# of carbon and oxygen is always equal with the number of hydrogen levels doubled; C6H12O6) 31. 3 groups of Carbohydrates - ANSWER Monosaccharide, Disaccharide, Polysaccharide 32. Monosaccharide - ANSWER One single sugar unit; glucose, fructose, and galactose are examples; linear or ring structures 33. Disaccharide - ANSWER Two monosaccharides joined together; sucrose, maltose, lactose; broken into monosaccharides by hydrolysis reactions 34. Polysaccharide - ANSWER 3 or more monosaccharides linked together; glucose molecules important for cellular energy storage 35. In plants, polysaccharides are called - ANSWER Starch 36. In animals, polysaccharides are called - ANSWER Glycogen 37. Polysaccharides are important in cellular structures because - ANSWER They form cell walls in plants, sugar in chitin is the structural component of fungal cell walls 38. Prokaryotic cells - ANSWER lack a nucleus 39. Eukaryotic cells - ANSWER have a nucleus 40. Bacteria and Archaea - ANSWER Prokaryotic 41. Bacteria - ANSWER large cohort of prokaryotic microorganisms 42. Coccus - ANSWER Round/spherical (streptococcus) 43. Bacillus - ANSWER Rod (e coli) 44. Vibrio - ANSWER Curved rod 45. Spirillum - ANSWER Spiral/corkscrew 46. Eukarya - ANSWER presence of a membrane-bound nuclear region within the cell 47. Animalia - ANSWER multicellular eukaryotic organisms, heterotrophic, ability to move 48. Heterotrophic - ANSWER incapable of producing their own energy 49. Plantae - ANSWER multicellular, can obtain energy from photosynthesis 50. Fungi - ANSWER multicellular or unicellular, heterotrophic, presence of chitin in cell walls mushrooms, yeast 51. Protista - ANSWER Unicellular, form as colonies, colonies do not form tissue layers and retain the unicellular classification, amoeba, algae, mold 52. Viruses - ANSWER Not considered prokaryotic or eukaryotic, must replicate with host, no metabolism, not cellular, contain a capsid: membrane-like structure that contains genetic material 53. Cell membrane - ANSWER Encloses the main body of the cell, permeable barrier surrounding the cytoplasmic space of a cell