BIOLOGY 107 - EXAM 2 QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS
Cellular respiration - Correct Answers -- Sugar is broken down to carbon dioxide and
water
- The cell captures some of the released energy to make ATP
- Takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
Oxidation - Correct Answers -Loss of electron (a molecule is oxidized when it loses
electrons)
Reduction - Correct Answers -Addition of electrons (a molecule is reduced when it gains
electrons gain of electrons shows up as a gain of H)
*Glycolysis: Cellular respiration Stage 1 - Correct Answers -- Breaks down glucose
- Produces: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP and 2 NADH
- Occurs in the cytoplasm
*Kreb's cycle: Cellular respiration Stage 2 - Correct Answers -- Also called the citric acid
cycle
- Requires oxygen to happen
- Uses one Acetyl CoA to generate: 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2
*Oxidative phosphorylation: Cellular respiration Stage 3 - Correct Answers -- Occurs at
the inner membrane of mitochondria
- Requires an adequate supply of oxygen
Fermentation - Correct Answers -- Occurs when Kreb's cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation has no oxygen (also when you're working out or in a yeast cell)
- Begins w/ glycolysis (just cellular respiration)
- Doesn't require oxygen
Produces 2 ATP
- Oxidizes NADH produced by glycolysis to produce NAD+, which is then resused
Lactic acid fermentation - Correct Answers -- What we undergo in our muscle cells
(causes soreness in muscle tissue)
- NADH is oxidized back to NAD+
- Pyruvate is reduced to lactate
, Alcohol fermentation - Correct Answers -- Done by organisms such as yeast
- Oxidizes NADH back to NAD+
- Converts pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol
Prometaphase - Correct Answers -- The nuclear envelope breaks apart and disappears
- Microtubules extend from the centrosomes into the nuclear region
- Other microtubules meet those from the opposite poles
Metaphase - Correct Answers -- Mitotic spindle is fully formed
- Chromosomes align along cell equator
Anaphase - Correct Answers -- Daughter chromosomes are moved to opposite poles
- Sister chromatids separate at the centromeres
- Spindle microtubules not attached to chromosomes lengthen, moving the poles farther
apart
Telophase - Correct Answers -- Nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes to create
a daughter nuclei
- Chromatids uncoil
- The mitotic spindles disappears
Obligate anaerobes - Correct Answers -- Require anaerobic conditions
- Are poisoned by oxygen
- Bacteria and other single-celled organisms that live in stagnant ponds and deep soils
Facultative anaerobes - Correct Answers -- Can make ATP by fermentation or oxidative
phosphorylation
- Include yeasts and many bacteria
Autotrophs - Correct Answers -Make their own food
Photoautotrophs - Correct Answers -Use photosynthesis to convert CO2 and H2O into
sugars for food
Chlorophyll - Correct Answers -Molecules that absorbs energy from sunlight.
Chloroplasts - Correct Answers -In plants, where chlorophyll molecules are contained in
(also usually concentrated in leaf cells).
Mesophyll - Correct Answers -The leaf tissue containing most of the chloroplasts
Stroma - Correct Answers -An inner compartment filled w/ thick fluid
Thylakoids - Correct Answers -Stroma contains a system of interconnected
membranous sacs called
Grana (Granum) - Correct Answers -Thylakoid are stacked together to form
AND ANSWERS
Cellular respiration - Correct Answers -- Sugar is broken down to carbon dioxide and
water
- The cell captures some of the released energy to make ATP
- Takes place in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells
Oxidation - Correct Answers -Loss of electron (a molecule is oxidized when it loses
electrons)
Reduction - Correct Answers -Addition of electrons (a molecule is reduced when it gains
electrons gain of electrons shows up as a gain of H)
*Glycolysis: Cellular respiration Stage 1 - Correct Answers -- Breaks down glucose
- Produces: 2 pyruvate, 4 ATP and 2 NADH
- Occurs in the cytoplasm
*Kreb's cycle: Cellular respiration Stage 2 - Correct Answers -- Also called the citric acid
cycle
- Requires oxygen to happen
- Uses one Acetyl CoA to generate: 1 ATP, 3 NADH and 1 FADH2
*Oxidative phosphorylation: Cellular respiration Stage 3 - Correct Answers -- Occurs at
the inner membrane of mitochondria
- Requires an adequate supply of oxygen
Fermentation - Correct Answers -- Occurs when Kreb's cycle and oxidative
phosphorylation has no oxygen (also when you're working out or in a yeast cell)
- Begins w/ glycolysis (just cellular respiration)
- Doesn't require oxygen
Produces 2 ATP
- Oxidizes NADH produced by glycolysis to produce NAD+, which is then resused
Lactic acid fermentation - Correct Answers -- What we undergo in our muscle cells
(causes soreness in muscle tissue)
- NADH is oxidized back to NAD+
- Pyruvate is reduced to lactate
, Alcohol fermentation - Correct Answers -- Done by organisms such as yeast
- Oxidizes NADH back to NAD+
- Converts pyruvate to CO2 and ethanol
Prometaphase - Correct Answers -- The nuclear envelope breaks apart and disappears
- Microtubules extend from the centrosomes into the nuclear region
- Other microtubules meet those from the opposite poles
Metaphase - Correct Answers -- Mitotic spindle is fully formed
- Chromosomes align along cell equator
Anaphase - Correct Answers -- Daughter chromosomes are moved to opposite poles
- Sister chromatids separate at the centromeres
- Spindle microtubules not attached to chromosomes lengthen, moving the poles farther
apart
Telophase - Correct Answers -- Nuclear envelopes form around chromosomes to create
a daughter nuclei
- Chromatids uncoil
- The mitotic spindles disappears
Obligate anaerobes - Correct Answers -- Require anaerobic conditions
- Are poisoned by oxygen
- Bacteria and other single-celled organisms that live in stagnant ponds and deep soils
Facultative anaerobes - Correct Answers -- Can make ATP by fermentation or oxidative
phosphorylation
- Include yeasts and many bacteria
Autotrophs - Correct Answers -Make their own food
Photoautotrophs - Correct Answers -Use photosynthesis to convert CO2 and H2O into
sugars for food
Chlorophyll - Correct Answers -Molecules that absorbs energy from sunlight.
Chloroplasts - Correct Answers -In plants, where chlorophyll molecules are contained in
(also usually concentrated in leaf cells).
Mesophyll - Correct Answers -The leaf tissue containing most of the chloroplasts
Stroma - Correct Answers -An inner compartment filled w/ thick fluid
Thylakoids - Correct Answers -Stroma contains a system of interconnected
membranous sacs called
Grana (Granum) - Correct Answers -Thylakoid are stacked together to form
