STA-102: The Ultimate Statistics Power Guide —
From Data Basics to Hypothesis Mastery
Temperature - 00C, 37.5K
Ratio - true zero has no value - it has an absolute zero
Population - group of people, animals, places, things, or ideas to which any conclusions based
on characteristics of a sample will be applied
Sample - a subgroup of the population
Parameter - A numerical measure that describes a population.
Statistic - A numerical measure that describes a sample.
Descriptive Statistics - deals with describing the important characteristics of a given
data.
Inferential Statistics - It is a process by which we infer population properties from sample
properties.
Mean - The total value of an observation in a data set divided by the number of all
observations.
Median - the middle value in distribution when the values are arranged in ascending or
descending order
Mode - The most commonly (frequent) occurring value in a distribution or data set.
Ungrouped data - means data is raw that is not sorted or classified yet into categories.
Summation - adding all the numbers or given data
Qualitative Data - uses categories or attributes that are distinguished by some non-numeric
characteristics.
Quantitative Data - consist of numbers representing counts or measurements.
Discrete Data - quantitative data which can assume a finite or countable number of
values.
, Continuous Data - quantitative data which can assume infinity of many possible
values.
Primary data - refer to information which is gathered directly from the original source.
Secondary data - refer to information which is taken from a secondary source.
Range - It is the simplest measure of variation.
Variable - a numerical characteristic or attribute associated with the population being
studied.
Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) - Is the average of how much the data values differ from the
mean.
Scales of Measurement - refer to ways in which variables/numbers are defined and
categorized.
Nominal - classifies elements into two or more categories or classes
Ordinal - a scale by rank or order
Interval - zero has a value - no absolute zero in this scale
Bimodal - 2 modes
Trimodal - 3 modes
Unimodal - one mode
MAD - Mean Absolute Deviation; average distance from mean.
Variance - Measure of data dispersion; calculated from squared deviations.
Standard Deviation - Square root of variance; indicates data spread.
Quantiles - Values dividing data into equal parts; also fractiles.
Quartiles - Divides data into four equal parts; Q1, Q2, Q3.
Deciles - Divides data into ten equal parts; D1 to D10.
Percentiles - Divides data into hundred equal parts; P1 to P100.
Inter-Quartile Range - Difference between Q3 and Q1; measures middle 50%.
Quantile Deviation - Measures variability using quartiles; QD = (Q3-Q1)/2.
From Data Basics to Hypothesis Mastery
Temperature - 00C, 37.5K
Ratio - true zero has no value - it has an absolute zero
Population - group of people, animals, places, things, or ideas to which any conclusions based
on characteristics of a sample will be applied
Sample - a subgroup of the population
Parameter - A numerical measure that describes a population.
Statistic - A numerical measure that describes a sample.
Descriptive Statistics - deals with describing the important characteristics of a given
data.
Inferential Statistics - It is a process by which we infer population properties from sample
properties.
Mean - The total value of an observation in a data set divided by the number of all
observations.
Median - the middle value in distribution when the values are arranged in ascending or
descending order
Mode - The most commonly (frequent) occurring value in a distribution or data set.
Ungrouped data - means data is raw that is not sorted or classified yet into categories.
Summation - adding all the numbers or given data
Qualitative Data - uses categories or attributes that are distinguished by some non-numeric
characteristics.
Quantitative Data - consist of numbers representing counts or measurements.
Discrete Data - quantitative data which can assume a finite or countable number of
values.
, Continuous Data - quantitative data which can assume infinity of many possible
values.
Primary data - refer to information which is gathered directly from the original source.
Secondary data - refer to information which is taken from a secondary source.
Range - It is the simplest measure of variation.
Variable - a numerical characteristic or attribute associated with the population being
studied.
Mean Absolute Deviation (MAD) - Is the average of how much the data values differ from the
mean.
Scales of Measurement - refer to ways in which variables/numbers are defined and
categorized.
Nominal - classifies elements into two or more categories or classes
Ordinal - a scale by rank or order
Interval - zero has a value - no absolute zero in this scale
Bimodal - 2 modes
Trimodal - 3 modes
Unimodal - one mode
MAD - Mean Absolute Deviation; average distance from mean.
Variance - Measure of data dispersion; calculated from squared deviations.
Standard Deviation - Square root of variance; indicates data spread.
Quantiles - Values dividing data into equal parts; also fractiles.
Quartiles - Divides data into four equal parts; Q1, Q2, Q3.
Deciles - Divides data into ten equal parts; D1 to D10.
Percentiles - Divides data into hundred equal parts; P1 to P100.
Inter-Quartile Range - Difference between Q3 and Q1; measures middle 50%.
Quantile Deviation - Measures variability using quartiles; QD = (Q3-Q1)/2.
