MMBIO 221 EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE (NOT ON STUDY
GUIDE) QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
-cides
-static Correct Answers -agents which kill
-agents which prevent growth
•Methods of microbial control using moist heat Correct Answers
-Boiling (Temperature cannot exceed 100ºC at sea level; steam
carries heat away)
-Autoclaving (121ºC, 15 psi, 15 minutes)
-Pasteurization (63 C for 30 min, 72 C for 15 sec)
-Ultrahigh-Temperature Sterilization
1st line of defense Correct Answers skin and mucous
membranes
2nd line of defense characteristics Correct Answers
•Nonspecific defense
•Composed of cells, antimicrobial chemicals, and processes but
no physical barriers
-Many of these components are contained in or originate in the
blood
2nd line of defense Correct Answers Blood cells, interferons,
complement, and inflammation
3 formed elements of blood Correct Answers -Erythrocytes-
carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood (4.2-6.2x109/ml)
, -Platelets- involved in blood clotting and inflammation (1.3-
4x108/ml)
-Leukocytes- involved in defending the body against invaders
(4.5-11x106/ml)
3 lines of defense Correct Answers 1st line: skin and mucous
membranes
2nd line: phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation,
fever
3rd line: lymphocytes, antibodies
Alcohols Correct Answers •Intermediate-level disinfectants
•Denature proteins and disrupt cytoplasmic membranes
•Evaporate rapidly - both advantageous and disadvantageous
•Swabbing of skin with 70% ethanol prior to injection
•Good surface disinfectants; resistant to inactivation by organic
compounds
•No activity on spores
•Isopropyl won't inactivate many naked viruses, whereas ethanol
will
Antibodies Correct Answers •Also called immunoglobulins (Ig)
•Soluble, glycoprotein molecules that bind antigen
•Secreted by plasma cells, which are activated and differentiated
B cells
•Considered part of humoral immunity, since bodily fluids such
as lymph and blood were once called humors
Attributes of Adaptive Immunity Correct Answers 1.
Specificity
2. Inducibility
GUIDE) QUESTIONS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
-cides
-static Correct Answers -agents which kill
-agents which prevent growth
•Methods of microbial control using moist heat Correct Answers
-Boiling (Temperature cannot exceed 100ºC at sea level; steam
carries heat away)
-Autoclaving (121ºC, 15 psi, 15 minutes)
-Pasteurization (63 C for 30 min, 72 C for 15 sec)
-Ultrahigh-Temperature Sterilization
1st line of defense Correct Answers skin and mucous
membranes
2nd line of defense characteristics Correct Answers
•Nonspecific defense
•Composed of cells, antimicrobial chemicals, and processes but
no physical barriers
-Many of these components are contained in or originate in the
blood
2nd line of defense Correct Answers Blood cells, interferons,
complement, and inflammation
3 formed elements of blood Correct Answers -Erythrocytes-
carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood (4.2-6.2x109/ml)
, -Platelets- involved in blood clotting and inflammation (1.3-
4x108/ml)
-Leukocytes- involved in defending the body against invaders
(4.5-11x106/ml)
3 lines of defense Correct Answers 1st line: skin and mucous
membranes
2nd line: phagocytosis, complement, interferon, inflammation,
fever
3rd line: lymphocytes, antibodies
Alcohols Correct Answers •Intermediate-level disinfectants
•Denature proteins and disrupt cytoplasmic membranes
•Evaporate rapidly - both advantageous and disadvantageous
•Swabbing of skin with 70% ethanol prior to injection
•Good surface disinfectants; resistant to inactivation by organic
compounds
•No activity on spores
•Isopropyl won't inactivate many naked viruses, whereas ethanol
will
Antibodies Correct Answers •Also called immunoglobulins (Ig)
•Soluble, glycoprotein molecules that bind antigen
•Secreted by plasma cells, which are activated and differentiated
B cells
•Considered part of humoral immunity, since bodily fluids such
as lymph and blood were once called humors
Attributes of Adaptive Immunity Correct Answers 1.
Specificity
2. Inducibility
