NMNC 3210 Exam 2 Questions and Answers Graded A+
Risk factors for constipation in: ELDERLY - Answers Decreased peristalsis (atrophy of smooth
muscles), decreased cognition (dementia or injury), reduced mucous secretions.
Risk factors for constipation in: CHILDREN - Answers development (still progressing), low
maturation, "hold it" until impaction
Risk factors for constipation in: PREGNANCY - Answers Iron in diet, lack of peristalsis
What is important in an elimination history to obtain? - Answers Ask about patterns of bowel or
stool elimination (frequency, appearance of stool or urine, and associated symptoms)
Changes in diet
Changes in health status (cognition, mobility, functional ability, or medical conditions)
Changes in medication or new medications
Voluntary or involuntary emptying of bowels or bladder
Urinary incontinence (underreported phenomenon)
Colon Cancer Screening - Answers Starts as polyps on inner lining of colon - invades and
penetrates the wall of the colon/rectum - gain lymph nodes and vascular system and spread to
distant sites (metastasized). (occurs slowly)
Screening can prevent the development of cancer by removing precancerous polyps and
reduces mortality.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy (every 5 yrs)
Colonoscopy (every 10 yrs)
Colon Cancer Risks - Answers Risk of colon cancer increases with age.
Related to diet, physical inactivity, and increasing rates of obesity.
Hereditary (KRAS gene = regulating cell division)
Maintain a healthy weight, physically active, limit alcohol use, no smoking, eating diet high in
fruits, vegetables, and grains).
Colon Cancer - Answers Third leading cause of cancer-related deaths and third most common
cancers in men and women. (more common in men than women)
Colon Cancer Treatments - Answers Surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiation
therapy.
, Colon Cancer Signs - Answers Early manifestation is anemia (due to bleeding in both right and
left side of colon), hematochezia develops (fresh blood in stool), palpable abdominal mass,
distention, ascites, liver metastasis, and pallor.
Diarrhea Patho - Answers Passage of at least 3 loose or liquid stools per day. (Acute or chronic).
Diarrhea Cause - Answers ingesting infectious organisms (viruses or bacteria) which causes
inflammation, immunocompromised, elderly, gastric acidity, drugs, and food intolerances.
Diarrhea Effects - Answers Low grade fever, N & V, increased acid in stomach (metabolic
acidosis), leukocytes parasites blood and mucus might be present in the stool, dehydration, and
electrolyte imbalance (loss of sodium, loss of potassium, loss of calcium, loss of phosphate,
and loss of magnesium)
Diarrhea Treatment - Answers Preventing transmission, replacing fluids and electrolytes,
protecting the skin from breakdown
glucose or electrolyte fluids replace losses
parenteral fluids, electrolytes, vitamins, and nutrition.
Antidiarrheal
Avoid foods high in fat and milk products
AV fistulas (assessment of), care and nursing interventions. - Answers Arteriovenous fistula -
created in the forearm or upper arm with an anastomosis between an artery and a vein. It allows
blood to flow through the vein. The arterial blood flow is essential to provide the rapid blood
flow needed for HD. AFV should be placed 3 months before starting HD.
NEVER perform BP measurements, IV line insertions, or venipuncture in an extremity with AV
access.
Prevent infection and clotting
Place medic band on patient's arm with AFV.
Watch for central venous stenosis (CVS) or occlusions.
Assess for distal ischemia and pain due to arterial blood being shunted or stolen from distal
extremities. (numbness, tingling of fingers, poor capillary refill, and aneurysms if left untreated).
Functional Incontinence - Answers loss of urine resulting from cognitive, functional, or
environmental factors
Functional Incontinence Causes - Answers Older adults and cognitive problems (dementia)
Functional Incontinence Interventions - Answers modifying the environment to allow easy
Risk factors for constipation in: ELDERLY - Answers Decreased peristalsis (atrophy of smooth
muscles), decreased cognition (dementia or injury), reduced mucous secretions.
Risk factors for constipation in: CHILDREN - Answers development (still progressing), low
maturation, "hold it" until impaction
Risk factors for constipation in: PREGNANCY - Answers Iron in diet, lack of peristalsis
What is important in an elimination history to obtain? - Answers Ask about patterns of bowel or
stool elimination (frequency, appearance of stool or urine, and associated symptoms)
Changes in diet
Changes in health status (cognition, mobility, functional ability, or medical conditions)
Changes in medication or new medications
Voluntary or involuntary emptying of bowels or bladder
Urinary incontinence (underreported phenomenon)
Colon Cancer Screening - Answers Starts as polyps on inner lining of colon - invades and
penetrates the wall of the colon/rectum - gain lymph nodes and vascular system and spread to
distant sites (metastasized). (occurs slowly)
Screening can prevent the development of cancer by removing precancerous polyps and
reduces mortality.
Flexible sigmoidoscopy (every 5 yrs)
Colonoscopy (every 10 yrs)
Colon Cancer Risks - Answers Risk of colon cancer increases with age.
Related to diet, physical inactivity, and increasing rates of obesity.
Hereditary (KRAS gene = regulating cell division)
Maintain a healthy weight, physically active, limit alcohol use, no smoking, eating diet high in
fruits, vegetables, and grains).
Colon Cancer - Answers Third leading cause of cancer-related deaths and third most common
cancers in men and women. (more common in men than women)
Colon Cancer Treatments - Answers Surgery, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, or radiation
therapy.
, Colon Cancer Signs - Answers Early manifestation is anemia (due to bleeding in both right and
left side of colon), hematochezia develops (fresh blood in stool), palpable abdominal mass,
distention, ascites, liver metastasis, and pallor.
Diarrhea Patho - Answers Passage of at least 3 loose or liquid stools per day. (Acute or chronic).
Diarrhea Cause - Answers ingesting infectious organisms (viruses or bacteria) which causes
inflammation, immunocompromised, elderly, gastric acidity, drugs, and food intolerances.
Diarrhea Effects - Answers Low grade fever, N & V, increased acid in stomach (metabolic
acidosis), leukocytes parasites blood and mucus might be present in the stool, dehydration, and
electrolyte imbalance (loss of sodium, loss of potassium, loss of calcium, loss of phosphate,
and loss of magnesium)
Diarrhea Treatment - Answers Preventing transmission, replacing fluids and electrolytes,
protecting the skin from breakdown
glucose or electrolyte fluids replace losses
parenteral fluids, electrolytes, vitamins, and nutrition.
Antidiarrheal
Avoid foods high in fat and milk products
AV fistulas (assessment of), care and nursing interventions. - Answers Arteriovenous fistula -
created in the forearm or upper arm with an anastomosis between an artery and a vein. It allows
blood to flow through the vein. The arterial blood flow is essential to provide the rapid blood
flow needed for HD. AFV should be placed 3 months before starting HD.
NEVER perform BP measurements, IV line insertions, or venipuncture in an extremity with AV
access.
Prevent infection and clotting
Place medic band on patient's arm with AFV.
Watch for central venous stenosis (CVS) or occlusions.
Assess for distal ischemia and pain due to arterial blood being shunted or stolen from distal
extremities. (numbness, tingling of fingers, poor capillary refill, and aneurysms if left untreated).
Functional Incontinence - Answers loss of urine resulting from cognitive, functional, or
environmental factors
Functional Incontinence Causes - Answers Older adults and cognitive problems (dementia)
Functional Incontinence Interventions - Answers modifying the environment to allow easy
