PHAR100 MIDTERM Exam Part 1 Questions AND Correct
Answers
Can dependence develop to benzodiazepines? - ✔✔risk of
dependence is low for short term use
Do barbiturates have a high or low therapeutic index? -
✔✔low
Do benzodiazepines have a high or low therapeutic index? -
✔✔High
Do CNS stimulants or depressants enhance GABA receptor
function? - ✔✔depressants
Does this drug develop tolerance, dependence, addiction?
(a) opiates
(b) CNS depressants
(c) CNS stimulants
(d) hallucinogens
(e) cannabis - ✔✔(a) opiates: all three
(b) CNS depressants: all three
,(c) CNS stimulants: all three
(d) hallucinogens: tolerance, addiction
(e) all three
Does tolerance develop to alcohol? - ✔✔-can develop to
chronic use
-can develop tolerance faster for a specific task if that task is
done often under influence of ethanol
Does tolerance develop to all drugs? - ✔✔no
Does tolerance develop to benzodiazepines? - ✔✔-yes but it
doesn't seem to be a problem clinically
-can develop to sedative and anti-anxiety effects, euphoric
effect, and impairment of coordination
Does tolerance develop to caffeine? - ✔✔evidence shows that
tolerance develops in some individuals
Does tolerance develop to nicotine? - ✔✔doesn't seem to
occur to any great extent
,Drug response intensity usually _________________ with an
increase in drug dose. - ✔✔Drug response intensity usually
increases with an increase in drug dose.
Drugs are designed to interact with
_________________________ in the body. - ✔✔one specific
target (usually receptors)
Explain a Phase I Clinical Trial. - ✔✔-conducted in a limited
number of healthy volunteers
-ADME and adverse effects are studied
-one or two doses is administered to measure tolerability
Explain a Phase II Clinical Trial. - ✔✔-conducted in a limited
number of patients with the targeted condition
-determines if the drug is effective in treating the condition
-careful attention is payed to drug safety
Explain a Phase III Clinical Trial. - ✔✔-also called "controlled
randomized clinical trials"
-used for licensing and marketing of the drug
, -large number of volunteers (>1000) in many locations for
longer
-most expensive part (1mil-50mil or more)
-to determine if the drug is safe and effective
Explain ADME of nicotine. - ✔✔-A: small particles in cigarette
smoke are rapidly absorbed by lungs (also GI tract, oral
mucous membrane, skin); dose can be controlled by depth of
inhalation and frequency of smoking
-D: distributes through the body and reaches the brain rapidly
-M: nicotine is rapidly metabolized by the liver
-E: metabolites are excreted in urine
Explain the shape of this dose-response curve. - ✔✔At first,
there isn't enough drug to elicit a response. The dose reaches
a threshold at which point the drug response increases rapidly
with the drug dose. Towards the end, it plateaus as there is no
way for the response to increase (perhaps all receptors are
full?).
Give an example of how drug distribution can result in the
termination of the therapeutic effect of some drugs. -
✔✔Thiopental (short acting barbiturate anaesthetic):
Answers
Can dependence develop to benzodiazepines? - ✔✔risk of
dependence is low for short term use
Do barbiturates have a high or low therapeutic index? -
✔✔low
Do benzodiazepines have a high or low therapeutic index? -
✔✔High
Do CNS stimulants or depressants enhance GABA receptor
function? - ✔✔depressants
Does this drug develop tolerance, dependence, addiction?
(a) opiates
(b) CNS depressants
(c) CNS stimulants
(d) hallucinogens
(e) cannabis - ✔✔(a) opiates: all three
(b) CNS depressants: all three
,(c) CNS stimulants: all three
(d) hallucinogens: tolerance, addiction
(e) all three
Does tolerance develop to alcohol? - ✔✔-can develop to
chronic use
-can develop tolerance faster for a specific task if that task is
done often under influence of ethanol
Does tolerance develop to all drugs? - ✔✔no
Does tolerance develop to benzodiazepines? - ✔✔-yes but it
doesn't seem to be a problem clinically
-can develop to sedative and anti-anxiety effects, euphoric
effect, and impairment of coordination
Does tolerance develop to caffeine? - ✔✔evidence shows that
tolerance develops in some individuals
Does tolerance develop to nicotine? - ✔✔doesn't seem to
occur to any great extent
,Drug response intensity usually _________________ with an
increase in drug dose. - ✔✔Drug response intensity usually
increases with an increase in drug dose.
Drugs are designed to interact with
_________________________ in the body. - ✔✔one specific
target (usually receptors)
Explain a Phase I Clinical Trial. - ✔✔-conducted in a limited
number of healthy volunteers
-ADME and adverse effects are studied
-one or two doses is administered to measure tolerability
Explain a Phase II Clinical Trial. - ✔✔-conducted in a limited
number of patients with the targeted condition
-determines if the drug is effective in treating the condition
-careful attention is payed to drug safety
Explain a Phase III Clinical Trial. - ✔✔-also called "controlled
randomized clinical trials"
-used for licensing and marketing of the drug
, -large number of volunteers (>1000) in many locations for
longer
-most expensive part (1mil-50mil or more)
-to determine if the drug is safe and effective
Explain ADME of nicotine. - ✔✔-A: small particles in cigarette
smoke are rapidly absorbed by lungs (also GI tract, oral
mucous membrane, skin); dose can be controlled by depth of
inhalation and frequency of smoking
-D: distributes through the body and reaches the brain rapidly
-M: nicotine is rapidly metabolized by the liver
-E: metabolites are excreted in urine
Explain the shape of this dose-response curve. - ✔✔At first,
there isn't enough drug to elicit a response. The dose reaches
a threshold at which point the drug response increases rapidly
with the drug dose. Towards the end, it plateaus as there is no
way for the response to increase (perhaps all receptors are
full?).
Give an example of how drug distribution can result in the
termination of the therapeutic effect of some drugs. -
✔✔Thiopental (short acting barbiturate anaesthetic):
