AP BIO COLLEGE BOARD EXAM
UNITS 1 – 9
cell cycle checkpoints - Correct Answers -mechanisms that monitor the preparedness of
a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell cycle stages
Essential Elements of Life - Correct Answers -carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (96%
of mass)
trace elements - Correct Answers -required by an organism in only minute quantities
(iron, iodine, copper)
Isotopes - Correct Answers -Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of
neutrons
ionic bond - Correct Answers -Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from
one atom to another
Ions - Correct Answers -positively and negatively charged atoms
covalent bond - Correct Answers -A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of
electrons between atoms in a molecule
nonpolar covalent bond - Correct Answers -electrons are shared equally
polar covalent bond - Correct Answers -unequal sharing of electrons
Characteristics of water - Correct Answers -polar, hydrogen bonding, universal solvent,
cohesion (sticks together), adhesion (stick to other substances), surface tension, high
heat capacity, high boiling point, and expansion on freezing (less dense as ice)
hydrogen bond - Correct Answers -A type of weak chemical bond formed when the
slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to
the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
Transpiration - Correct Answers -Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
capillary action - Correct Answers -the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface
of a solid (roots, trunks, branches)
,Acid - Correct Answers -compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, low pH,
bitter
Base - Correct Answers -substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved
in water; has a pH greater than 7, slippery
alkaline solution - Correct Answers -basic solution
pH scale is logarithmic - Correct Answers -a pH 5 solution has 10 times more H+ than a
pH 6 solution (pH = -log[H+])
pH scale - Correct Answers -measurement system used to indicate the concentration of
hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
organic molecules - Correct Answers -molecules that contain carbon
inorganic compounds - Correct Answers -Compounds that do not contain carbon
versatile atom - has the ability to bind with carbon and other elements - molecules
produced are necessary for life - Correct Answers -Why is carbon important to life?
Carbohydrates - Correct Answers -contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1)
Monosaccharides - Correct Answers -simplest sugars, serve as energy source for cells,
glucose + fructose, six carbon sugars, breakdown when we eat and photosynthesis,
straight or rings, carbon molecules with lots of Hs and Ohs attached
Disaccharides - Correct Answers -Carbohydrates that are made up of two
monosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
dehydration synthesis (condensation) - Correct Answers -A chemical reaction in which
two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
glycosidic linkage - Correct Answers -A covalent bond formed between two
monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction forming a dissachride.
Hydrolysis - Correct Answers -Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical
addition of water
Polysaccharides - Correct Answers -repeated units of monosaccharides, starch (in
plants) + glycogen (in animals) = sugar storage molecules, cellulose = part of cell walls
in plants = structure
Proteins - Correct Answers -Chains of amino acids, made up of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen
, protein = 4 important parts around central carbon - Correct Answers -amino group (-
NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen, and an R - group
side chain - Correct Answers -another name for an R group, and is a group of atoms
attached to the main part of a molecule and having a ring or chain structure, how amino
acids differ
How to spot amino acids - Correct Answers -look for NH2 group and COOH group
How do side chains of amino acids differ? - Correct Answers -Composition of elements,
polarity, charge, and shape
What does side chain polarity affect? - Correct Answers -if it is more hydrophobic or
hydrophilic
Dipeptide - Correct Answers -Two amino acids bonded together, carboxyl group
combines with an amino group, dehydration synthesis occurs
peptide bond - Correct Answers -The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl
group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
Polypeptide - Correct Answers -A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together
by peptide bonds., when the chain twists and folds on itself it is a protein
primary structure of protein - Correct Answers -linear sequence of amino acids
secondary structure of protein - Correct Answers -when the polypeptide begins to twist,
forming a coil (alpha helix) or zig zag (beta-pleated sheets), folds because R-groups are
interacting
tertiary structure - Correct Answers -The third level of protein structure; the overall,
three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the
amino acids making up the chain.
quarternary structure - Correct Answers -The fourth level of protein structure; the shape
resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.
Chaperonins - Correct Answers -protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other
proteins, if not folded correctly will not function properly
Lipids - Correct Answers -structural components of cell membranes, sources of
insulation, signaling molecules, and energy storage, that are made of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen.
UNITS 1 – 9
cell cycle checkpoints - Correct Answers -mechanisms that monitor the preparedness of
a eukaryotic cell to advance through the various cell cycle stages
Essential Elements of Life - Correct Answers -carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen (96%
of mass)
trace elements - Correct Answers -required by an organism in only minute quantities
(iron, iodine, copper)
Isotopes - Correct Answers -Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of
neutrons
ionic bond - Correct Answers -Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from
one atom to another
Ions - Correct Answers -positively and negatively charged atoms
covalent bond - Correct Answers -A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of
electrons between atoms in a molecule
nonpolar covalent bond - Correct Answers -electrons are shared equally
polar covalent bond - Correct Answers -unequal sharing of electrons
Characteristics of water - Correct Answers -polar, hydrogen bonding, universal solvent,
cohesion (sticks together), adhesion (stick to other substances), surface tension, high
heat capacity, high boiling point, and expansion on freezing (less dense as ice)
hydrogen bond - Correct Answers -A type of weak chemical bond formed when the
slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to
the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
Transpiration - Correct Answers -Evaporation of water from the leaves of a plant
capillary action - Correct Answers -the attraction of the surface of a liquid to the surface
of a solid (roots, trunks, branches)
,Acid - Correct Answers -compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution, low pH,
bitter
Base - Correct Answers -substance that releases hydroxide ions (OH-) when dissolved
in water; has a pH greater than 7, slippery
alkaline solution - Correct Answers -basic solution
pH scale is logarithmic - Correct Answers -a pH 5 solution has 10 times more H+ than a
pH 6 solution (pH = -log[H+])
pH scale - Correct Answers -measurement system used to indicate the concentration of
hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
organic molecules - Correct Answers -molecules that contain carbon
inorganic compounds - Correct Answers -Compounds that do not contain carbon
versatile atom - has the ability to bind with carbon and other elements - molecules
produced are necessary for life - Correct Answers -Why is carbon important to life?
Carbohydrates - Correct Answers -contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1)
Monosaccharides - Correct Answers -simplest sugars, serve as energy source for cells,
glucose + fructose, six carbon sugars, breakdown when we eat and photosynthesis,
straight or rings, carbon molecules with lots of Hs and Ohs attached
Disaccharides - Correct Answers -Carbohydrates that are made up of two
monosaccharides (sucrose, lactose, maltose)
dehydration synthesis (condensation) - Correct Answers -A chemical reaction in which
two molecules covalently bond to each other with the removal of a water molecule.
glycosidic linkage - Correct Answers -A covalent bond formed between two
monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction forming a dissachride.
Hydrolysis - Correct Answers -Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical
addition of water
Polysaccharides - Correct Answers -repeated units of monosaccharides, starch (in
plants) + glycogen (in animals) = sugar storage molecules, cellulose = part of cell walls
in plants = structure
Proteins - Correct Answers -Chains of amino acids, made up of carbon, hydrogen,
oxygen, and nitrogen
, protein = 4 important parts around central carbon - Correct Answers -amino group (-
NH2), carboxyl group (-COOH), a hydrogen, and an R - group
side chain - Correct Answers -another name for an R group, and is a group of atoms
attached to the main part of a molecule and having a ring or chain structure, how amino
acids differ
How to spot amino acids - Correct Answers -look for NH2 group and COOH group
How do side chains of amino acids differ? - Correct Answers -Composition of elements,
polarity, charge, and shape
What does side chain polarity affect? - Correct Answers -if it is more hydrophobic or
hydrophilic
Dipeptide - Correct Answers -Two amino acids bonded together, carboxyl group
combines with an amino group, dehydration synthesis occurs
peptide bond - Correct Answers -The chemical bond that forms between the carboxyl
group of one amino acid and the amino group of another amino acid
Polypeptide - Correct Answers -A polymer (chain) of many amino acids linked together
by peptide bonds., when the chain twists and folds on itself it is a protein
primary structure of protein - Correct Answers -linear sequence of amino acids
secondary structure of protein - Correct Answers -when the polypeptide begins to twist,
forming a coil (alpha helix) or zig zag (beta-pleated sheets), folds because R-groups are
interacting
tertiary structure - Correct Answers -The third level of protein structure; the overall,
three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide due to interactions of the R groups of the
amino acids making up the chain.
quarternary structure - Correct Answers -The fourth level of protein structure; the shape
resulting from the association of two or more polypeptide subunits.
Chaperonins - Correct Answers -protein molecules that assist the proper folding of other
proteins, if not folded correctly will not function properly
Lipids - Correct Answers -structural components of cell membranes, sources of
insulation, signaling molecules, and energy storage, that are made of carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen.
