Evolution In Bio

These notes summarize the foundations of biology and evolution, beginning with the scientific method—how scientists observe, hypothesize, test, and conclude to form theories. They explain how life is characterized by information, cells, energy use, replication, and evolution, and how biotic and abiotic factors shape ecosystems through energy flow and nutrient cycling. The notes also cover population growth, species interactions (competition, predation, mutualism), and succession after disturbances. A major focus is on evolution, describing contributions by Darwin, Wallace, and others, and explaining natural selection, adaptation, and genetic variation (through mutation, gene flow, and reproduction). It outlines evidence for evolution—such as fossils, homology, and biogeography—and mechanisms like selection, genetic drift, and speciation that drive how populations change over time.