BIOLl 351/l BIOL351l Modulel 3:l (Latestl
2026/l 2027l Update)l 100%l Verifiedl
Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A
Q:l Explainl thel basicl differencel betweenl NYHAl functionall classesl andl ACCF/AHAl
stagesl ofl HF
Answer:
Thel NYHAl classesl focusl onl thel symptomaticl statusl ofl thel disease.l Thel ACCF/AHAl
stagesl focusl morel onl thel progressionl ofl thel disease.
Q:l Listl signsl ofl digoxinl toxicity:
Answer:
lowl heartl rate,l headache,l dizziness,l confusion,l nausea,l visuall disturbancesl (blurredl visionl
orl yellowl vison).
Q:l ____________isl knownl asl thel "goodl cholesterol"l becausel itl actuallyl worksl tol
removel cholesteroll tol thel bloodl andl returnl itl tol thel liverl tol bel metabolized.
Answer:
Highl Densityl Lipoproteinl (HDL)
Q:l Whatl isl thel abnormall levell ofl HDL?
Answer:
<40l mg/dL
,Q:l Whatl isl thel abnormall levell ofl LDL?
Answer:
>160mg/dL
Q:l Whatl isl thel abnormall levell forl triglycerides?
Answer:
>200mg/dL
Q:l Whatl isl thel abnormall levell forl Totall Cholesterol?
Answer:
>240l mg/dL
Q:l Describel thel mechanismsl ofl actionl forl thel statins
Answer:
Theyl inhibitl thel enzymel HMG-CoAl reductasel whichl isl thel ratel limitingl enzymel inl
cholesteroll synthesisl withinl thel liver.
Q:l Whichl kidneyl measurel isl usedl byl cliniciansl tol estimatel howl welll thel kidneysl arel
functioning?
Answer:
Thel Glomerularl filtrationl ratel (GFR)
Q:l Wherel inl thel kidneysl dol thel followingl diureticsl work?
Thiazide,l loop,l andl potassiuml sparing
, Answer:
Thiazidel -l distall tubule
Loopl -l ascendingl loopl ofl Henle
Potassiuml Sparingl -l distall tubulel andl collectingl duct
Q:l Identifyl thel primaryl indicationsl forl thel differentl typesl ofl diureticsl including:l
Loop,l thiazide,l potassiuml sparing,l osmotic,l andl carbonicl anhydrasel inhibitors.
Answer:
Loop-l edema
Thiazide-l hypertension
Potassiuml sparing-l hypertensionl (especiallyl inl combinationl withl thiazidel tol offsetl thel
potassiuml loss),l heartl failure
Osmotic-l acutel renall failure
Carbonicl anhydrase-l refractoryl edema
Q:l Whatl isl anl importantl adversel sidel effectl ofl statins?
Answer:
Myopathyl (musclel pain)
Q:l Whichl diureticl canl bel usedl tol treatl renall failure?
Answer:
Osmoticl diuretics
Q:l T/F:l Betal Blockersl arel firstl linel forl thel treatmentl ofl hypertension
Answer:
False
2026/l 2027l Update)l 100%l Verifiedl
Questionsl &l Answersl |l Gradel A
Q:l Explainl thel basicl differencel betweenl NYHAl functionall classesl andl ACCF/AHAl
stagesl ofl HF
Answer:
Thel NYHAl classesl focusl onl thel symptomaticl statusl ofl thel disease.l Thel ACCF/AHAl
stagesl focusl morel onl thel progressionl ofl thel disease.
Q:l Listl signsl ofl digoxinl toxicity:
Answer:
lowl heartl rate,l headache,l dizziness,l confusion,l nausea,l visuall disturbancesl (blurredl visionl
orl yellowl vison).
Q:l ____________isl knownl asl thel "goodl cholesterol"l becausel itl actuallyl worksl tol
removel cholesteroll tol thel bloodl andl returnl itl tol thel liverl tol bel metabolized.
Answer:
Highl Densityl Lipoproteinl (HDL)
Q:l Whatl isl thel abnormall levell ofl HDL?
Answer:
<40l mg/dL
,Q:l Whatl isl thel abnormall levell ofl LDL?
Answer:
>160mg/dL
Q:l Whatl isl thel abnormall levell forl triglycerides?
Answer:
>200mg/dL
Q:l Whatl isl thel abnormall levell forl Totall Cholesterol?
Answer:
>240l mg/dL
Q:l Describel thel mechanismsl ofl actionl forl thel statins
Answer:
Theyl inhibitl thel enzymel HMG-CoAl reductasel whichl isl thel ratel limitingl enzymel inl
cholesteroll synthesisl withinl thel liver.
Q:l Whichl kidneyl measurel isl usedl byl cliniciansl tol estimatel howl welll thel kidneysl arel
functioning?
Answer:
Thel Glomerularl filtrationl ratel (GFR)
Q:l Wherel inl thel kidneysl dol thel followingl diureticsl work?
Thiazide,l loop,l andl potassiuml sparing
, Answer:
Thiazidel -l distall tubule
Loopl -l ascendingl loopl ofl Henle
Potassiuml Sparingl -l distall tubulel andl collectingl duct
Q:l Identifyl thel primaryl indicationsl forl thel differentl typesl ofl diureticsl including:l
Loop,l thiazide,l potassiuml sparing,l osmotic,l andl carbonicl anhydrasel inhibitors.
Answer:
Loop-l edema
Thiazide-l hypertension
Potassiuml sparing-l hypertensionl (especiallyl inl combinationl withl thiazidel tol offsetl thel
potassiuml loss),l heartl failure
Osmotic-l acutel renall failure
Carbonicl anhydrase-l refractoryl edema
Q:l Whatl isl anl importantl adversel sidel effectl ofl statins?
Answer:
Myopathyl (musclel pain)
Q:l Whichl diureticl canl bel usedl tol treatl renall failure?
Answer:
Osmoticl diuretics
Q:l T/F:l Betal Blockersl arel firstl linel forl thel treatmentl ofl hypertension
Answer:
False
