PIL AB Exam with correct detailed ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
solutions
What is local anaesthesia? - correct answer✔✔Local, reversible loss of sensation without
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
loss of consciousness
||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is general anaesthesia? - correct answer✔✔Administration of drugs that produce a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
loss of consciousness
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Name a local anaesthetic cream and its common use - correct answer✔✔EMLA
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Prevent pain or discomfort associated with venepuncture ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
In what circumstances would you anaesthetise an animal? - correct answer✔✔To provide
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
immobility so the animal does not displace catheters or move during imaging procedures. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
To prevent pain during experimental procedures.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
To prevent distress during physical restraint
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Which of the three Rs are relevant to use of anaesthesia? - correct answer✔✔Reduction -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
minimise death due to poor anaesthetic technique ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Refinement - minimise pain ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What affect does anaesthesia have on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔It depresses them ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,What effects can anaesthesia have which might disrupt particular research projects? -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
correct answer✔✔Alterations in immune function, metastatic rates of tumours, changes in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
organ blood flow distribution, competition for enzyme pathways, interaction with receptors
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and changes in gastrointestinal motility
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Do mice need to fast before use of anaesthesia? - correct answer✔✔No as they cannot vomit
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the triad of anaesthesia? - correct answer✔✔Loss of sensation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Loss of consciousness ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Production of muscle relaxation ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
List the advantages of inhalational anaesthesia - correct answer✔✔They are simple to
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
administer
Induction (onset) of anaesthesia is usually smooth and rapid. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
It is easy to change the depth of anaesthesia
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Recovery is usually rapid (within 10-15 minutes) and uneventful ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
List the disadvantages of inhalational anaesthesia - correct answer✔✔The equipment
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
needed for their safe use is relatively expensive ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
It is usually possible to anaesthetise only one animal at a time
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Waste anaesthetic gases must be removed for health and safety reasons
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
List the advantages of injectable anaesthesia - correct answer✔✔Multiple animals can be
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
anaesthetised at the same time (provided you can monitor them effectively). ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Injectable anaesthetics do not require the use of specialist equipment, but it is important to ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
be able to deliver oxygen as many of these agents cause respiratory depression.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,List the disadvantages of injectable anaesthesia - correct answer✔✔Once the anaesthetic
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
has been administered the dose cannot be changed.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
There is individual variability in the response to a given dose of anaesthetic.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Since the dose of anaesthetic needed by individual animals varies, the best way to give these
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
agents is by intravenous injection. This is the preferred route for administering injectable
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
anaesthetics as it allows the dose to be adjusted to match the particular animal's ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
requirements. Unfortunately, it can be technically difficult to use this route in small ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
rodents, so most injectable anaesthetics are given by intraperitoneal or subcutaneous
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
injection in these species. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is ketamine combined with when used as an anaesthetic? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔Medetomidine
What are the considerations when using intramuscular injection of anaesthesia? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔It takes about 5-10 minutes for anaesthesia to develop after intramuscular ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
administration. Can cause pain on administration in small rodents as the muscle mass is so ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
small relative to the volume to be injected. Some agents are irritant and can cause muscle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
damage ( e.g. Ketamine ). ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the considerations when using intravenous injection of anaesthesia? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔Ideal as the dose can be adjusted to be appropriate for the individual animal, and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
to produce the depth of anaesthesia required. Unfortunately intravenous injection is
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
technically demanding in small rodents. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the considerations when using intraperitoneal injection of anaesthesia? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔This is one of the most widely used means of giving injectable anaesthetics to ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
rodents, but in 5-10% of cases not all of the injected anaesthetic is delivered
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
intraperitoneally. If a large proportion is delivered into the fat or intestines, then an ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
inadequate anaesthetic effect will be produced. Not all anaesthetics are suitable for ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
administration by this route ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, What are the considerations when using subcutaneous injection of anaesthesia? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔It takes 5 - 15 minutes for anaesthesia to develop after subcutaneous ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
administration. It may be less stressful and produce more consistent results than use of the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
intramuscular or intraperitoneal routes. Not all anaesthetics are suitable for administration ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
by this route.
||\\//|| ||\\//||
How long does it typically take for animals to recover from injectable anaesthesia? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔60-180mins
(20-30mins if using certain anaesthetics intravenously) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the advantage of using isoflurane? - correct answer✔✔it undergoes almost no bio-
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
transformation and is almost completely eliminated in exhaled air. This suggests that there ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
will be little effect on liver microsomal enzymes and, hence, minimal interference in drug
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
metabolism or toxicology studies ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the advantage of using sevoflurane? - correct answer✔✔the even greater ease of
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
matching the depth of anaesthesia to the degree of surgical stimulation, coupled with very
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
rapid and smooth recovery ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
At what point can the animal be removed from the anaesthetic chamber? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔When it has lost its righting reflex ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the most commonly used withdrawal reflex in mice? - correct answer✔✔The pedal
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
withdrawal reflex ||\\//||
How can respiration be monitored during a procedure? - correct answer✔✔Observing the
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
movements of the chest can be used to monitor the pattern and depth of respiration, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
although this becomes difficult if surgical drapes have been placed. This problem can be
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
overcome by using electronic monitors, for example, a respiratory monitor to detect each ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
breath, or a pulse oximeter to measure the adequacy of oxygenation.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
solutions
What is local anaesthesia? - correct answer✔✔Local, reversible loss of sensation without
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
loss of consciousness
||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is general anaesthesia? - correct answer✔✔Administration of drugs that produce a
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
loss of consciousness
||\\//|| ||\\//||
Name a local anaesthetic cream and its common use - correct answer✔✔EMLA
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Prevent pain or discomfort associated with venepuncture ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
In what circumstances would you anaesthetise an animal? - correct answer✔✔To provide
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
immobility so the animal does not displace catheters or move during imaging procedures. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
To prevent pain during experimental procedures.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
To prevent distress during physical restraint
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Which of the three Rs are relevant to use of anaesthesia? - correct answer✔✔Reduction -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
minimise death due to poor anaesthetic technique ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Refinement - minimise pain ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What affect does anaesthesia have on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔It depresses them ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,What effects can anaesthesia have which might disrupt particular research projects? -
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
correct answer✔✔Alterations in immune function, metastatic rates of tumours, changes in
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
organ blood flow distribution, competition for enzyme pathways, interaction with receptors
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
and changes in gastrointestinal motility
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Do mice need to fast before use of anaesthesia? - correct answer✔✔No as they cannot vomit
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the triad of anaesthesia? - correct answer✔✔Loss of sensation
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Loss of consciousness ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Production of muscle relaxation ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
List the advantages of inhalational anaesthesia - correct answer✔✔They are simple to
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
administer
Induction (onset) of anaesthesia is usually smooth and rapid. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
It is easy to change the depth of anaesthesia
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Recovery is usually rapid (within 10-15 minutes) and uneventful ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
List the disadvantages of inhalational anaesthesia - correct answer✔✔The equipment
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
needed for their safe use is relatively expensive ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
It is usually possible to anaesthetise only one animal at a time
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Waste anaesthetic gases must be removed for health and safety reasons
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
List the advantages of injectable anaesthesia - correct answer✔✔Multiple animals can be
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
anaesthetised at the same time (provided you can monitor them effectively). ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Injectable anaesthetics do not require the use of specialist equipment, but it is important to ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
be able to deliver oxygen as many of these agents cause respiratory depression.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
,List the disadvantages of injectable anaesthesia - correct answer✔✔Once the anaesthetic
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
has been administered the dose cannot be changed.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
There is individual variability in the response to a given dose of anaesthetic.
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
Since the dose of anaesthetic needed by individual animals varies, the best way to give these
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
agents is by intravenous injection. This is the preferred route for administering injectable
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
anaesthetics as it allows the dose to be adjusted to match the particular animal's ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
requirements. Unfortunately, it can be technically difficult to use this route in small ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
rodents, so most injectable anaesthetics are given by intraperitoneal or subcutaneous
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
injection in these species. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is ketamine combined with when used as an anaesthetic? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔Medetomidine
What are the considerations when using intramuscular injection of anaesthesia? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔It takes about 5-10 minutes for anaesthesia to develop after intramuscular ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
administration. Can cause pain on administration in small rodents as the muscle mass is so ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
small relative to the volume to be injected. Some agents are irritant and can cause muscle
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
damage ( e.g. Ketamine ). ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the considerations when using intravenous injection of anaesthesia? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔Ideal as the dose can be adjusted to be appropriate for the individual animal, and ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
to produce the depth of anaesthesia required. Unfortunately intravenous injection is
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
technically demanding in small rodents. ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What are the considerations when using intraperitoneal injection of anaesthesia? - correct
||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
answer✔✔This is one of the most widely used means of giving injectable anaesthetics to ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
rodents, but in 5-10% of cases not all of the injected anaesthetic is delivered
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intraperitoneally. If a large proportion is delivered into the fat or intestines, then an ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
inadequate anaesthetic effect will be produced. Not all anaesthetics are suitable for ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
administration by this route ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
, What are the considerations when using subcutaneous injection of anaesthesia? - correct
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answer✔✔It takes 5 - 15 minutes for anaesthesia to develop after subcutaneous ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
administration. It may be less stressful and produce more consistent results than use of the ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
intramuscular or intraperitoneal routes. Not all anaesthetics are suitable for administration ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
by this route.
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How long does it typically take for animals to recover from injectable anaesthesia? - correct
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answer✔✔60-180mins
(20-30mins if using certain anaesthetics intravenously) ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the advantage of using isoflurane? - correct answer✔✔it undergoes almost no bio-
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transformation and is almost completely eliminated in exhaled air. This suggests that there ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
will be little effect on liver microsomal enzymes and, hence, minimal interference in drug
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metabolism or toxicology studies ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the advantage of using sevoflurane? - correct answer✔✔the even greater ease of
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matching the depth of anaesthesia to the degree of surgical stimulation, coupled with very
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rapid and smooth recovery ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
At what point can the animal be removed from the anaesthetic chamber? - correct
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answer✔✔When it has lost its righting reflex ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
What is the most commonly used withdrawal reflex in mice? - correct answer✔✔The pedal
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withdrawal reflex ||\\//||
How can respiration be monitored during a procedure? - correct answer✔✔Observing the
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movements of the chest can be used to monitor the pattern and depth of respiration, ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
although this becomes difficult if surgical drapes have been placed. This problem can be
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overcome by using electronic monitors, for example, a respiratory monitor to detect each ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//|| ||\\//||
breath, or a pulse oximeter to measure the adequacy of oxygenation.
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