Nur 631 Midterm Study Guide WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Nucleus - Correct answer-Control center of the cell
Nucleolis - Correct answer-where ribosomes are made
Mitochondria - Correct answer-Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of
ATP (energy) production
phosolipid bilayer - Correct answer-a thin polar membrane made of two layers of
lipid molecules. This stops water-soluble molecules from crossing the cell
membrane
Golgi complex - Correct answer-organelle that modifies, packages, and transports
material out of the cell.
Lysosomes - Correct answer-cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break
down certain materials in the cell
Cell membrane (plasma membrane) - Correct answer-phospholipid bilayer that
surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell
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,DNA - Correct answer-A complex molecule containing the genetic information that
makes up the chromosomes.
RNA - Correct answer-A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic
messages
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - Correct answer-form of RNA that carries genetic
information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for
protein synthesis
Ribosomes - Correct answer-Makes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Correct answer-A cell structure that forms a maze
of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of
the cell to another.
Cytoplasm - Correct answer-A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles
are suspended
Peroxisomes - Correct answer-Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen
peroxide
adherens junctions - Correct answer-make an adhesion belt that keeps tissues from
separating as they stretch and contract
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,Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) - Correct answer-A type of cell junction in
animal cells that functions like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets.
Intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins anchor them in the
cytoplasm. They attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle.
Anabolism - Correct answer-Metabolic pathways that construct molecules,
requiring energy.
Catabolism - Correct answer-Metabolic pathways that break down molecules,
releasing energy.
passive transport - Correct answer-Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules
from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient
active transport - Correct answer-Energy-requiring process that moves material
across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
Osmosis - Correct answer-Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane
isotonic solution - Correct answer-A solution in which the concentration of solutes
is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution
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, Hypertonic - Correct answer-when comparing two solutions, the solution with the
greater concentration of solutes. Cells shrink.
hypotonic solution - Correct answer-a solution that causes a cell to swell because
of osmosis
Osmolarity ( liters ) - Correct answer-total concentration of all solute particles in a
solution
Osmolality ( kilograms) - Correct answer-measurements of the solute
concentration of a solution.
Depolarization - Correct answer-The process during the action potential when
sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
refractory period - Correct answer-a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
absolute refractory period - Correct answer-time during which another action
potential is impossible. Doesn't matter what is stimulating the heart, nothing can
happen during this period.
resting potential - Correct answer-the state of the neuron when not firing a neural
impulse
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COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Nucleus - Correct answer-Control center of the cell
Nucleolis - Correct answer-where ribosomes are made
Mitochondria - Correct answer-Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of
ATP (energy) production
phosolipid bilayer - Correct answer-a thin polar membrane made of two layers of
lipid molecules. This stops water-soluble molecules from crossing the cell
membrane
Golgi complex - Correct answer-organelle that modifies, packages, and transports
material out of the cell.
Lysosomes - Correct answer-cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break
down certain materials in the cell
Cell membrane (plasma membrane) - Correct answer-phospholipid bilayer that
surrounds all cells and regulates what enters and leaves the cell
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 1
,DNA - Correct answer-A complex molecule containing the genetic information that
makes up the chromosomes.
RNA - Correct answer-A single-stranded nucleic acid that passes along genetic
messages
Messenger RNA (mRNA) - Correct answer-form of RNA that carries genetic
information from the nucleus to the cytoplasm, where it serves as a template for
protein synthesis
Ribosomes - Correct answer-Makes proteins
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) - Correct answer-A cell structure that forms a maze
of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of
the cell to another.
Cytoplasm - Correct answer-A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles
are suspended
Peroxisomes - Correct answer-Break down fatty acids and produce hydrogen
peroxide
adherens junctions - Correct answer-make an adhesion belt that keeps tissues from
separating as they stretch and contract
©COPYRIGHT 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2
,Desmosomes (anchoring junctions) - Correct answer-A type of cell junction in
animal cells that functions like rivets, fastening cells together into strong sheets.
Intermediate filaments made of sturdy keratin proteins anchor them in the
cytoplasm. They attach muscle cells to each other in a muscle.
Anabolism - Correct answer-Metabolic pathways that construct molecules,
requiring energy.
Catabolism - Correct answer-Metabolic pathways that break down molecules,
releasing energy.
passive transport - Correct answer-Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules
from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient
active transport - Correct answer-Energy-requiring process that moves material
across a cell membrane against a concentration difference
Osmosis - Correct answer-Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable
membrane
isotonic solution - Correct answer-A solution in which the concentration of solutes
is essentially equal to that of the cell which resides in the solution
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, Hypertonic - Correct answer-when comparing two solutions, the solution with the
greater concentration of solutes. Cells shrink.
hypotonic solution - Correct answer-a solution that causes a cell to swell because
of osmosis
Osmolarity ( liters ) - Correct answer-total concentration of all solute particles in a
solution
Osmolality ( kilograms) - Correct answer-measurements of the solute
concentration of a solution.
Depolarization - Correct answer-The process during the action potential when
sodium is rushing into the cell causing the interior to become more positive.
refractory period - Correct answer-a period of inactivity after a neuron has fired
absolute refractory period - Correct answer-time during which another action
potential is impossible. Doesn't matter what is stimulating the heart, nothing can
happen during this period.
resting potential - Correct answer-the state of the neuron when not firing a neural
impulse
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