NSER 7110 EXAM STUDY GUIDE
Red flags for airway - Answer -- unable to complete sentences
- audible wheezing
- needs to sit in high fowlers or tripod
Red flags for breathing - Answer -- Pale
- increased RR
- increased WOB
- decreased O2 sat
- wheezes and lung sounds
Red flags for circulation - Answer -- irregular, fast pulse
- skin colour and temp
peripheral cyanosis - Answer -results from peripheral vasoconstriction, reduced cardiac
output or vascular occlusion
central cyanosis - Answer -occurs when there is an increased amount of hemoglobin
not bound to oxygen and is best assessed by observed the oral mucosa, lips, and
tongue
vesicular breath sounds - Answer -soft, fine, breezy, low-pitched sounds when air flows
in alveoli and small bronchioles; heard on inspiration and continue without pause
through to 1/3 of expiration
bronchovesicular breath sounds - Answer -heard in expiration and inspiration
moderate in intensity and pitch and are located over major bronchi where fewer alveoli
are located
bronchial breath sounds - Answer -loud and high pitched and are heard around trachea
and larynx
crackles (rales) - Answer -clicking sounds heard during inspiration caused by the
opening of closed small airways during inspiration
often heard in bronchitis, bronchiectasis and pulmonary edema and fibrosis
wheezes (Rhonchi) - Answer -caused by flow through narrowed airways
causes of narrowing including bronchoconstriction, mucosal edema, sputum or foreign
bodies
palpation - Answer -assessment of tracheal position, palpation of thorax, checking for
expansion, tactile fremitus
, percussion - Answer -loud sounds indicate air and quieter sounds suggest consolidated
tissue
mild hypoxemia - Answer -60-79 PaO2
moderate hypoxemia - Answer -40-59 PaO2
severe hypoxemia - Answer -PaO2 < 40 mmHg
typical CAP presentation - Answer -sudden onset of fever, productive cough, SOB,
signs of pulmonary consolidation, occasional pleuritic chest pain
atypical CAP presentation - Answer -gradual onset of dry cough, SOB, rales, general
myalgias and fatigue
two factors that determine oxygen supply - Answer -1. arterial oxygen
2. cardiac output
arterial oxygen - Answer -the amount of oxygen that is present in the arterial blood
when it leaves the lungs
cardiac output - Answer -the effectiveness of the pump to circulate blood throughout
the body
% of oxygen delivered - Answer -NP: 1-6L -> 24-44%
SFM: 6-10L -> 50-60
NRB: 12-15L -> 60-100
oxygen demand factors - Answer -Temperature, activity, stressors
Temperature - Answer -an increase in body temp results in an increase cellular
demand for oxygen
same for low body temp --> drop in cellular oxygen demand
Acitivity - Answer -increase in demand for oxygen
lack of activity results in decrease in oxygen demand
emotional stressors - Answer -and increase in emotional stressors increases cellular
oxygen demand
ventilation - Answer -movement of air in and out of the lungs
- primary determinant of arterial o2 content and is influenced by respiratory rate and
tidal volume
- respiratory rate and tidal volume are influenced by WOB, respiratory muscle function,
and lung compliance
Red flags for airway - Answer -- unable to complete sentences
- audible wheezing
- needs to sit in high fowlers or tripod
Red flags for breathing - Answer -- Pale
- increased RR
- increased WOB
- decreased O2 sat
- wheezes and lung sounds
Red flags for circulation - Answer -- irregular, fast pulse
- skin colour and temp
peripheral cyanosis - Answer -results from peripheral vasoconstriction, reduced cardiac
output or vascular occlusion
central cyanosis - Answer -occurs when there is an increased amount of hemoglobin
not bound to oxygen and is best assessed by observed the oral mucosa, lips, and
tongue
vesicular breath sounds - Answer -soft, fine, breezy, low-pitched sounds when air flows
in alveoli and small bronchioles; heard on inspiration and continue without pause
through to 1/3 of expiration
bronchovesicular breath sounds - Answer -heard in expiration and inspiration
moderate in intensity and pitch and are located over major bronchi where fewer alveoli
are located
bronchial breath sounds - Answer -loud and high pitched and are heard around trachea
and larynx
crackles (rales) - Answer -clicking sounds heard during inspiration caused by the
opening of closed small airways during inspiration
often heard in bronchitis, bronchiectasis and pulmonary edema and fibrosis
wheezes (Rhonchi) - Answer -caused by flow through narrowed airways
causes of narrowing including bronchoconstriction, mucosal edema, sputum or foreign
bodies
palpation - Answer -assessment of tracheal position, palpation of thorax, checking for
expansion, tactile fremitus
, percussion - Answer -loud sounds indicate air and quieter sounds suggest consolidated
tissue
mild hypoxemia - Answer -60-79 PaO2
moderate hypoxemia - Answer -40-59 PaO2
severe hypoxemia - Answer -PaO2 < 40 mmHg
typical CAP presentation - Answer -sudden onset of fever, productive cough, SOB,
signs of pulmonary consolidation, occasional pleuritic chest pain
atypical CAP presentation - Answer -gradual onset of dry cough, SOB, rales, general
myalgias and fatigue
two factors that determine oxygen supply - Answer -1. arterial oxygen
2. cardiac output
arterial oxygen - Answer -the amount of oxygen that is present in the arterial blood
when it leaves the lungs
cardiac output - Answer -the effectiveness of the pump to circulate blood throughout
the body
% of oxygen delivered - Answer -NP: 1-6L -> 24-44%
SFM: 6-10L -> 50-60
NRB: 12-15L -> 60-100
oxygen demand factors - Answer -Temperature, activity, stressors
Temperature - Answer -an increase in body temp results in an increase cellular
demand for oxygen
same for low body temp --> drop in cellular oxygen demand
Acitivity - Answer -increase in demand for oxygen
lack of activity results in decrease in oxygen demand
emotional stressors - Answer -and increase in emotional stressors increases cellular
oxygen demand
ventilation - Answer -movement of air in and out of the lungs
- primary determinant of arterial o2 content and is influenced by respiratory rate and
tidal volume
- respiratory rate and tidal volume are influenced by WOB, respiratory muscle function,
and lung compliance
