Pathophysiology Exam 1- ETSU Nursing
questions and answers 2024\2025 A+
Grade
Mutation
- correct answer Any inherited alteration of genetic material.
DNA
- correct answer Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms
as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
What is DNA composed of?
- correct answer It is a double helix model- The ladders are composed of deoxyribose and phosphate
while the rungs are 4 types of nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine)
Complementary base pairing
- correct answer In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C; This is the key to accurate replication
In RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C
DNA and Coding
- correct answer DNA directs the synthesis or production of all the body's proteins
Proteins
- correct answer Composed of one or more polypeptides that consist of sequences of amino acids
Amino acids
- correct answer Building blocks of proteins; the body contains 20 different types
Codons
- correct answer Every 3 nitrogenous bases is a codon that codes for one amino acid
,Chromosomes
- correct answer Contains genes which are comprised of DNA and are the basic units of inheritance
Genes
- correct answer Composed of DNA sequences and are the blueprints of proteins in the body genes
influence all aspects of body structure and function. Genes are found in chromosomes.
DNA -> GENES -> CHROMOSOMES -> NUCLEUS
- correct answer Genes are made of of DNA. Genes are the functional regions of DNA. Together they
make chromosomes. Chromosomes are housed in a cell's nucleus.
DNA polymerase
- correct answer Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA
molecule. Enhances the accuracy of DNA replication and prevents mutations.
Mutagens
- correct answer Increase frequency of mutations.
Examples: radiation, chemicals, smoke, alcohol
Spontaneous mutation
- correct answer A mutation that occurs without exposure to a mutagen
How many chromosomes can be found in each human cell?
- correct answer 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs (23 from Mom & 23 from Dad) in Somatic Cells and 23
chromosomes in Gametes
How can human cells be categorized?
- correct answer Somatic Cells & Gametes
Somatic Cells
- correct answer All cells of the body except gametes (sex cells). Their nucleus contains 46
chromosomes, 23 pairs. They are considered diploid, Mother and Father donate one chromosome per
pair.
, Gametes
- correct answer Sex cells (Sperm and Egg Cells)- Only 23 chromosomes, making them haploid.
Autosomes
- correct answer The first 22 out of 23 pairs of chromosomes, virtually identical and homologous
Sex Chromosomes
- correct answer The 23rd pair of chromosomes-
Females are homologous (XX)
Males are non-homologous (XY)
Karyotype
- correct answer Ordered display of chromosomes, largest to smallest- X is larger than Y on 23rd pair
Chromosomal Aberrations
- correct answer Leading cause of intellectual disability and miscarriage
Euploid
- correct answer Normal number of chromosomes within a cell (46)
Aneuploidy
- correct answer Abnormal number of chromosomes, can be missing or have an extra
Diploid
- correct answer (2n) Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (autosomes
& somatic cells)
Haploid
- correct answer (n) A single set of unpaired chromosomes (gametes or sex chromosomes)
questions and answers 2024\2025 A+
Grade
Mutation
- correct answer Any inherited alteration of genetic material.
DNA
- correct answer Deoxyribonucleic acid, a self-replicating material present in nearly all living organisms
as the main constituent of chromosomes. It is the carrier of genetic information.
What is DNA composed of?
- correct answer It is a double helix model- The ladders are composed of deoxyribose and phosphate
while the rungs are 4 types of nitrogenous bases (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine)
Complementary base pairing
- correct answer In DNA, T pairs with A; G pairs with C; This is the key to accurate replication
In RNA, U pairs with A and G pairs with C
DNA and Coding
- correct answer DNA directs the synthesis or production of all the body's proteins
Proteins
- correct answer Composed of one or more polypeptides that consist of sequences of amino acids
Amino acids
- correct answer Building blocks of proteins; the body contains 20 different types
Codons
- correct answer Every 3 nitrogenous bases is a codon that codes for one amino acid
,Chromosomes
- correct answer Contains genes which are comprised of DNA and are the basic units of inheritance
Genes
- correct answer Composed of DNA sequences and are the blueprints of proteins in the body genes
influence all aspects of body structure and function. Genes are found in chromosomes.
DNA -> GENES -> CHROMOSOMES -> NUCLEUS
- correct answer Genes are made of of DNA. Genes are the functional regions of DNA. Together they
make chromosomes. Chromosomes are housed in a cell's nucleus.
DNA polymerase
- correct answer Enzyme involved in DNA replication that joins individual nucleotides to produce a DNA
molecule. Enhances the accuracy of DNA replication and prevents mutations.
Mutagens
- correct answer Increase frequency of mutations.
Examples: radiation, chemicals, smoke, alcohol
Spontaneous mutation
- correct answer A mutation that occurs without exposure to a mutagen
How many chromosomes can be found in each human cell?
- correct answer 46 chromosomes, 23 pairs (23 from Mom & 23 from Dad) in Somatic Cells and 23
chromosomes in Gametes
How can human cells be categorized?
- correct answer Somatic Cells & Gametes
Somatic Cells
- correct answer All cells of the body except gametes (sex cells). Their nucleus contains 46
chromosomes, 23 pairs. They are considered diploid, Mother and Father donate one chromosome per
pair.
, Gametes
- correct answer Sex cells (Sperm and Egg Cells)- Only 23 chromosomes, making them haploid.
Autosomes
- correct answer The first 22 out of 23 pairs of chromosomes, virtually identical and homologous
Sex Chromosomes
- correct answer The 23rd pair of chromosomes-
Females are homologous (XX)
Males are non-homologous (XY)
Karyotype
- correct answer Ordered display of chromosomes, largest to smallest- X is larger than Y on 23rd pair
Chromosomal Aberrations
- correct answer Leading cause of intellectual disability and miscarriage
Euploid
- correct answer Normal number of chromosomes within a cell (46)
Aneuploidy
- correct answer Abnormal number of chromosomes, can be missing or have an extra
Diploid
- correct answer (2n) Containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent (autosomes
& somatic cells)
Haploid
- correct answer (n) A single set of unpaired chromosomes (gametes or sex chromosomes)
