GMS6402 EXAMS EVALUATION 2025/2026 QUESTIONS
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Severe asthma - ✔✔- severe inflammation due to histamines, prostaglandins, &
leukotrienes
- rx corticosteroids
✔✔Restrictive - ✔✔- low compliance
- high recoil
- pulmonary fibrosis & edema
- decreased TLC
✔✔Obstructive - ✔✔- high compliance
- low recoil
- emphysema & asthma
- increased RV
✔✔FEV1/FVC 90% - ✔✔- restricitve
✔✔FEV1/FVC 33% - ✔✔- obstructive
✔✔FEV1/FVC - ✔✔- forced expiratory volume in 1 second
- forced vital capacity
- normal = 4/5 = 80%
✔✔Surfactant - ✔✔- reduces surface tension
- produced by Type II cells
- mixture of lipids, proteins, and ions
- Dipalmitoylphosphatidylchoine responsible for reduction
- reduces work of breathing
✔✔LaPlaces Law - ✔✔- governs pressure required to keep alveoli open
- P = 2T/r
✔✔Lack surfactant - ✔✔- restrictive
- increased work
- decreased compliance
- increased recoil
✔✔Minute ventilation - ✔✔- TV x RR
- 6000 ml per min
✔✔Alveolar ventilation - ✔✔- (TV - dead space) x RR
- 4200 ml per min
- TV is more important than RR
, ✔✔AV is reduced by - ✔✔- hyperventilation
✔✔Dalton's law - ✔✔- total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of individual
pressures
- sea level 760 mmHg
- 21% O2 (160 mmHg)
- 79% N (600 mmHg)
✔✔Atmospheric O2 - ✔✔- 160 mmHg
✔✔Inspired O2 - ✔✔- 150 mmHg
✔✔Alveolar & Arterial O2 - ✔✔- 100 mmHg
✔✔Arterial CO2 - ✔✔- 40 mmHg
✔✔47 mmHg - ✔✔- Vapor pressure of water in inspired air
- (760 -47) x FIO2
- 713 x (21%) = 150 mmHg
✔✔PAO2 (alveolar gas equation) - ✔✔- P(insp)O2 - (PACO2/R)
- 150 - (40/0.8)
- 150 - 50 = 100 mmHg
✔✔FIO2 at altitude - ✔✔- remains the same despite decreased barometric pressure
- FIO2 = 21%
- actual O2 inhaled decreases
✔✔PaCO2 at altitude - ✔✔- decreased due to hyperventilation when recently exposed
✔✔R in alveolar gas equation - ✔✔- can vary with diet
- how much CO2 produced for consumption of O2
- normal 0.8
- carbs = 1.0
- proteins = 0.7
- fats = 0.7
✔✔Henry's law - ✔✔- concentration of dissolved gas = solubility x delta P of gas
✔✔Path of oxygen diffusion - ✔✔1) alveolar fluid
2) alveolar epithelium
3) epithelial basement membrane
4) interstitial space
AND SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Severe asthma - ✔✔- severe inflammation due to histamines, prostaglandins, &
leukotrienes
- rx corticosteroids
✔✔Restrictive - ✔✔- low compliance
- high recoil
- pulmonary fibrosis & edema
- decreased TLC
✔✔Obstructive - ✔✔- high compliance
- low recoil
- emphysema & asthma
- increased RV
✔✔FEV1/FVC 90% - ✔✔- restricitve
✔✔FEV1/FVC 33% - ✔✔- obstructive
✔✔FEV1/FVC - ✔✔- forced expiratory volume in 1 second
- forced vital capacity
- normal = 4/5 = 80%
✔✔Surfactant - ✔✔- reduces surface tension
- produced by Type II cells
- mixture of lipids, proteins, and ions
- Dipalmitoylphosphatidylchoine responsible for reduction
- reduces work of breathing
✔✔LaPlaces Law - ✔✔- governs pressure required to keep alveoli open
- P = 2T/r
✔✔Lack surfactant - ✔✔- restrictive
- increased work
- decreased compliance
- increased recoil
✔✔Minute ventilation - ✔✔- TV x RR
- 6000 ml per min
✔✔Alveolar ventilation - ✔✔- (TV - dead space) x RR
- 4200 ml per min
- TV is more important than RR
, ✔✔AV is reduced by - ✔✔- hyperventilation
✔✔Dalton's law - ✔✔- total pressure of a gas mixture is equal to the sum of individual
pressures
- sea level 760 mmHg
- 21% O2 (160 mmHg)
- 79% N (600 mmHg)
✔✔Atmospheric O2 - ✔✔- 160 mmHg
✔✔Inspired O2 - ✔✔- 150 mmHg
✔✔Alveolar & Arterial O2 - ✔✔- 100 mmHg
✔✔Arterial CO2 - ✔✔- 40 mmHg
✔✔47 mmHg - ✔✔- Vapor pressure of water in inspired air
- (760 -47) x FIO2
- 713 x (21%) = 150 mmHg
✔✔PAO2 (alveolar gas equation) - ✔✔- P(insp)O2 - (PACO2/R)
- 150 - (40/0.8)
- 150 - 50 = 100 mmHg
✔✔FIO2 at altitude - ✔✔- remains the same despite decreased barometric pressure
- FIO2 = 21%
- actual O2 inhaled decreases
✔✔PaCO2 at altitude - ✔✔- decreased due to hyperventilation when recently exposed
✔✔R in alveolar gas equation - ✔✔- can vary with diet
- how much CO2 produced for consumption of O2
- normal 0.8
- carbs = 1.0
- proteins = 0.7
- fats = 0.7
✔✔Henry's law - ✔✔- concentration of dissolved gas = solubility x delta P of gas
✔✔Path of oxygen diffusion - ✔✔1) alveolar fluid
2) alveolar epithelium
3) epithelial basement membrane
4) interstitial space
