BIOLOGY 189 FINAL PAPER 2025/2026 QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Hydrogen bond? - ✔✔Interaction between a negative atoms with Hydrogen in which
that hydrogen is already part of a polar covalent bond
✔✔What are the three parts of "The Cell Theory" - ✔✔1. All organism are composed of
one or more cells 2.The cell is the smallest unit of life 3.New cells are formed only by
the division of previously existing cells
✔✔The difference between a Prokaryote and Eukaryote? - ✔✔PROKARYOTES- All
uni-cellular, no nucleus, plasma membrane, no cytoskeleton. EUKARYOTE- Nucleus
with a double membrane, several membrane bound structures.
✔✔What is an ACID? - ✔✔Anything that raises hydrogen ion concentration
✔✔What is a BASE? - ✔✔Anything that lowers hydrogen ion concentration
✔✔PH scale is a? - ✔✔Base 10 scale
✔✔Water contains what kind of properties? - ✔✔Cohesive properties, Water can
Stabilize temperature
✔✔Why does ice float? - ✔✔Because of hydrogen bonds
✔✔What are the 4 types of Macromolecules? - ✔✔Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins,
Nucleic Acids (LCPN)
✔✔What is the formula for a Carbohydrate? - ✔✔Cx, H2, Ox. Same number of carbons
and oxygens and twice the number of hydrogens.
✔✔What is the formula for a lipid? - ✔✔C, H, O. Many carbons and hydrogens but very
few Oxygens.
✔✔What are the 4 types of lipids? - ✔✔Triglyceride, Phospholipid, Steroids and
Terpenes
✔✔What is a Triglyceride? - ✔✔3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. Very
Hydrophobic.
✔✔What is the main component of a biological membrane? - ✔✔Phospholipid bilayer
✔✔Phospholipids are both? - ✔✔Hydrophobic and Hydrophillic
, ✔✔What is a steroid? - ✔✔A 4 carbon ring structure
✔✔What are examples of a steroid? - ✔✔Cholesterol, testosterone and estrogen
✔✔What are Terpenes? - ✔✔Electron Carriers
✔✔What are examples of Electron Carriers? - ✔✔NADH & FADH2
✔✔What are nucleic acids (nucleotides)? - ✔✔DNA & RNA, ATP-Energy,
✔✔What three components need to be present to form a nucleotide structure? -
✔✔Must have phosphate, five carbon sugar and nitrogen containing base.
✔✔What are the 5 nitrogen containing base? - ✔✔A, G, C, T, U
✔✔What is DNA? - ✔✔Linear information, storage system
✔✔What does RNA do? - ✔✔RNA does proteins
✔✔What is the different SUGAR between DNA & RNA? DNA- - ✔✔Deoxyribose, RNA-
Ribose
✔✔What are the different BASES between DNA & RNA? - ✔✔DNA- AGTC, RNA- AGU
✔✔What is the difference between the STRANDS in DNA & RNA? - ✔✔DNA- double
stranded with base pairing, RNA- single stranded
✔✔What is the HELIX difference between DNA & RNA? - ✔✔DNA- Yes Helix, RNA- No
Helix
✔✔Nucleus - ✔✔Largest organelle in the cell
✔✔Cytoplasm - ✔✔Contents of the cell outside of the nucleus
✔✔Ribosome - ✔✔Site of protein synthesis
✔✔Plasma membrane - ✔✔Separates the inside and outside of a cell
✔✔Mitochondria - ✔✔Where most of the ATP is produced
✔✔Chloroplasts - ✔✔Site were sugar is produced in plant cells
✔✔Flagella - ✔✔Long microtubules utilized for cell movement
SOLUTIONS GRADED A+ TIP
✔✔Hydrogen bond? - ✔✔Interaction between a negative atoms with Hydrogen in which
that hydrogen is already part of a polar covalent bond
✔✔What are the three parts of "The Cell Theory" - ✔✔1. All organism are composed of
one or more cells 2.The cell is the smallest unit of life 3.New cells are formed only by
the division of previously existing cells
✔✔The difference between a Prokaryote and Eukaryote? - ✔✔PROKARYOTES- All
uni-cellular, no nucleus, plasma membrane, no cytoskeleton. EUKARYOTE- Nucleus
with a double membrane, several membrane bound structures.
✔✔What is an ACID? - ✔✔Anything that raises hydrogen ion concentration
✔✔What is a BASE? - ✔✔Anything that lowers hydrogen ion concentration
✔✔PH scale is a? - ✔✔Base 10 scale
✔✔Water contains what kind of properties? - ✔✔Cohesive properties, Water can
Stabilize temperature
✔✔Why does ice float? - ✔✔Because of hydrogen bonds
✔✔What are the 4 types of Macromolecules? - ✔✔Lipids, Carbohydrates, Proteins,
Nucleic Acids (LCPN)
✔✔What is the formula for a Carbohydrate? - ✔✔Cx, H2, Ox. Same number of carbons
and oxygens and twice the number of hydrogens.
✔✔What is the formula for a lipid? - ✔✔C, H, O. Many carbons and hydrogens but very
few Oxygens.
✔✔What are the 4 types of lipids? - ✔✔Triglyceride, Phospholipid, Steroids and
Terpenes
✔✔What is a Triglyceride? - ✔✔3 fatty acids attached to a glycerol backbone. Very
Hydrophobic.
✔✔What is the main component of a biological membrane? - ✔✔Phospholipid bilayer
✔✔Phospholipids are both? - ✔✔Hydrophobic and Hydrophillic
, ✔✔What is a steroid? - ✔✔A 4 carbon ring structure
✔✔What are examples of a steroid? - ✔✔Cholesterol, testosterone and estrogen
✔✔What are Terpenes? - ✔✔Electron Carriers
✔✔What are examples of Electron Carriers? - ✔✔NADH & FADH2
✔✔What are nucleic acids (nucleotides)? - ✔✔DNA & RNA, ATP-Energy,
✔✔What three components need to be present to form a nucleotide structure? -
✔✔Must have phosphate, five carbon sugar and nitrogen containing base.
✔✔What are the 5 nitrogen containing base? - ✔✔A, G, C, T, U
✔✔What is DNA? - ✔✔Linear information, storage system
✔✔What does RNA do? - ✔✔RNA does proteins
✔✔What is the different SUGAR between DNA & RNA? DNA- - ✔✔Deoxyribose, RNA-
Ribose
✔✔What are the different BASES between DNA & RNA? - ✔✔DNA- AGTC, RNA- AGU
✔✔What is the difference between the STRANDS in DNA & RNA? - ✔✔DNA- double
stranded with base pairing, RNA- single stranded
✔✔What is the HELIX difference between DNA & RNA? - ✔✔DNA- Yes Helix, RNA- No
Helix
✔✔Nucleus - ✔✔Largest organelle in the cell
✔✔Cytoplasm - ✔✔Contents of the cell outside of the nucleus
✔✔Ribosome - ✔✔Site of protein synthesis
✔✔Plasma membrane - ✔✔Separates the inside and outside of a cell
✔✔Mitochondria - ✔✔Where most of the ATP is produced
✔✔Chloroplasts - ✔✔Site were sugar is produced in plant cells
✔✔Flagella - ✔✔Long microtubules utilized for cell movement
