FCCN LEVEL 1 EXAM SCRIPT 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - water retainer
- vasoconstrictor (also called Vasopressin)
- produced by hypothalamus
- store and released from posterior pituitary
◍ ADH pathway - hypothalamus senses low blood volumed and
increased serum osmolality
- signal pituitary to release ADH
- ADH causes kidney to retain water
- water retention increases blood volume and decreases serum osmolality
◍ ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) - cardiac hormone stored in atria
- released when atrial pressure increases
,*works opposite of RAAS by decreasing BP and reducing intravascular
volume
- important diagnostic marker in CHF
◍ hydrostatic pressure - forces fluids and solutes through the capillary
wall and into the tissue spaces
◍ colloid osmotic pressure - pulling force of albumin in the
intravascular spaces
- pull fluid into vasculature
◍ maintenance fluid therapy - replaces normal ongoing losses of water
and electrolytes (urine, sweat, respiration, stool)
◍ replacement therapy - corrects any existing water and or electrolyte
deficits
◍ isotonic fluids - tonicity equal to plasma in the body
- no fluid shifts because the solutions are equally concentrated
- LR
, - NS
- D5W
◍ hypotonic fluids - lower concentration of solutes in the vasculature
than in the cell
- fluid shifts into the cell to dilute the electrolytes (CELL SWELLS)
- 0.45NS
◍ hypertonic fluid - higher concentration of solutes in the vasculature
than in the cell
- pulls fluid out of cells and into the vessels (CELL SHRINKS)
- D5 .45NS
- D5NS
- D5LR
- 3%, 7%, 23.4% NaCl
◍ colloids - pull fluid into bloodstream
Albumin
- 5% is osmotically equal to plasma
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◍ ADH (antidiuretic hormone) - water retainer
- vasoconstrictor (also called Vasopressin)
- produced by hypothalamus
- store and released from posterior pituitary
◍ ADH pathway - hypothalamus senses low blood volumed and
increased serum osmolality
- signal pituitary to release ADH
- ADH causes kidney to retain water
- water retention increases blood volume and decreases serum osmolality
◍ ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide) - cardiac hormone stored in atria
- released when atrial pressure increases
,*works opposite of RAAS by decreasing BP and reducing intravascular
volume
- important diagnostic marker in CHF
◍ hydrostatic pressure - forces fluids and solutes through the capillary
wall and into the tissue spaces
◍ colloid osmotic pressure - pulling force of albumin in the
intravascular spaces
- pull fluid into vasculature
◍ maintenance fluid therapy - replaces normal ongoing losses of water
and electrolytes (urine, sweat, respiration, stool)
◍ replacement therapy - corrects any existing water and or electrolyte
deficits
◍ isotonic fluids - tonicity equal to plasma in the body
- no fluid shifts because the solutions are equally concentrated
- LR
, - NS
- D5W
◍ hypotonic fluids - lower concentration of solutes in the vasculature
than in the cell
- fluid shifts into the cell to dilute the electrolytes (CELL SWELLS)
- 0.45NS
◍ hypertonic fluid - higher concentration of solutes in the vasculature
than in the cell
- pulls fluid out of cells and into the vessels (CELL SHRINKS)
- D5 .45NS
- D5NS
- D5LR
- 3%, 7%, 23.4% NaCl
◍ colloids - pull fluid into bloodstream
Albumin
- 5% is osmotically equal to plasma
