HNF 471 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE
DM 1 , T1DM - Answer -Type 1 diabetes mellitus
characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin die to destruction of pancreatic B-
cells, resulting in the inability of cells to use glucose for energy
Immune mediated
Idiopathic
DM 2, T2DM - Answer -Type 2 diabetes mellitus
example of hyporesponsiveness caused by a lack or deficiency of hormone receptors
on the target cell
GDM - Answer -Gestational diabetes
BG, BS - Answer -Blood glucose, blood sugar
SMBG - Answer -Self monitoring of blood glucose
ADA - Answer -american diabetes association
HbA1C - Answer -Glycosylated hemoglobin
HHS or HHNS - Answer -hyperosmolar hyperglycemic (non-ketoic) syndrome
DKA - Answer -diabetic keroacidosis
OGTT - Answer -oral glucose tolerence test
timed to examine the efficiency of the body in metabolism of glucose
rarely needed to diagnose T1DM
common for GDM or in children
GADA - Answer -glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody test
most sensitive marker for identifying persons at risk for developing T1DM
ICA - Answer -Islet Cell autoantibodies test
measures a group of islet cell autoantibodies
prevalence of ICA decreases the longer an individual has T1DM
IAA - Answer -Insulin autoantibodies test
Presence of IAA is evidenced of ongoing destruction of B-cells
must be preformed before insulin therapy is initiated since the test does not determine
whether the body's immune system is making autoantibodies against endogenous or
exogenous insulin
, primarily, though not exclusively in young children developing T1DM as an early
predictive marker
Anabolic - Answer -the phase of metabolism in which simple substances are
synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue
Catabolic - Answer -the metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones,
often resulting in a release of energy
insulin - Answer -A peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that
promotes the absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscle and fat tissue by
causing fat to be stored rather than used for energy - anabolic hormone - promotes
uptake of glucose into hepatic, muscle, and adipose cells - secreted in stimulation to
increased levels of blood glucose and by the action of counter-regulatory hormones
including growth hormones
glucagon - Answer -a peptide hormone that is produced by alpha cells of the pancreas
that raises the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream (opposite effect of insulin).
stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) and production
go new glucose from amino acids (gluconeogenisis)
epinephrine - Answer -a hormone that is secreted from the adrenal medulla; regulates
arterial blood pressure and prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses. It increases
blood glucose - adrenaline - promotes lipolysis - provision of energy for emergencies
and exercise
cortisol - Answer -glucocorticoid that is secreted in response to stresses. It stimulates
gluconeogensis, inhibits uptake and use of glucose by tissues (except the brain),
stimulates protein degradation (esp in muscle) for use in gluconeogenesis pr protein
synthesis, and facilitates lipolysis
growth hormone - Answer -secreted by the pituitary glans. metabolic effects include
protein anabolism, fat mobilization (lipolysis), and glucose conservation
hyposecretion - Answer -production of a bodily secretion at an abnormally slow rate or
in small qualities
hypersecretion - Answer -excessive production of bodily secretion (gastric acid, mucus,
or growth hormone)
hyporesponsiveness - Answer -characterized buh diminished degree of responsiveness
(as to physical or emotional stimulus)
Diabetes Mellitus - Answer -a diverse group of disorders that share the primary
symptom of hyperglycemia resulting from defective insulin production, insulin action, or
both
DM 1 , T1DM - Answer -Type 1 diabetes mellitus
characterized by an absolute deficiency of insulin die to destruction of pancreatic B-
cells, resulting in the inability of cells to use glucose for energy
Immune mediated
Idiopathic
DM 2, T2DM - Answer -Type 2 diabetes mellitus
example of hyporesponsiveness caused by a lack or deficiency of hormone receptors
on the target cell
GDM - Answer -Gestational diabetes
BG, BS - Answer -Blood glucose, blood sugar
SMBG - Answer -Self monitoring of blood glucose
ADA - Answer -american diabetes association
HbA1C - Answer -Glycosylated hemoglobin
HHS or HHNS - Answer -hyperosmolar hyperglycemic (non-ketoic) syndrome
DKA - Answer -diabetic keroacidosis
OGTT - Answer -oral glucose tolerence test
timed to examine the efficiency of the body in metabolism of glucose
rarely needed to diagnose T1DM
common for GDM or in children
GADA - Answer -glutamic acid decarboxylase autoantibody test
most sensitive marker for identifying persons at risk for developing T1DM
ICA - Answer -Islet Cell autoantibodies test
measures a group of islet cell autoantibodies
prevalence of ICA decreases the longer an individual has T1DM
IAA - Answer -Insulin autoantibodies test
Presence of IAA is evidenced of ongoing destruction of B-cells
must be preformed before insulin therapy is initiated since the test does not determine
whether the body's immune system is making autoantibodies against endogenous or
exogenous insulin
, primarily, though not exclusively in young children developing T1DM as an early
predictive marker
Anabolic - Answer -the phase of metabolism in which simple substances are
synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue
Catabolic - Answer -the metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones,
often resulting in a release of energy
insulin - Answer -A peptide hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that
promotes the absorption of glucose from the blood to skeletal muscle and fat tissue by
causing fat to be stored rather than used for energy - anabolic hormone - promotes
uptake of glucose into hepatic, muscle, and adipose cells - secreted in stimulation to
increased levels of blood glucose and by the action of counter-regulatory hormones
including growth hormones
glucagon - Answer -a peptide hormone that is produced by alpha cells of the pancreas
that raises the concentration of glucose in the bloodstream (opposite effect of insulin).
stimulates the breakdown of stored glycogen to glucose (glycogenolysis) and production
go new glucose from amino acids (gluconeogenisis)
epinephrine - Answer -a hormone that is secreted from the adrenal medulla; regulates
arterial blood pressure and prepares the body for "fight or flight" responses. It increases
blood glucose - adrenaline - promotes lipolysis - provision of energy for emergencies
and exercise
cortisol - Answer -glucocorticoid that is secreted in response to stresses. It stimulates
gluconeogensis, inhibits uptake and use of glucose by tissues (except the brain),
stimulates protein degradation (esp in muscle) for use in gluconeogenesis pr protein
synthesis, and facilitates lipolysis
growth hormone - Answer -secreted by the pituitary glans. metabolic effects include
protein anabolism, fat mobilization (lipolysis), and glucose conservation
hyposecretion - Answer -production of a bodily secretion at an abnormally slow rate or
in small qualities
hypersecretion - Answer -excessive production of bodily secretion (gastric acid, mucus,
or growth hormone)
hyporesponsiveness - Answer -characterized buh diminished degree of responsiveness
(as to physical or emotional stimulus)
Diabetes Mellitus - Answer -a diverse group of disorders that share the primary
symptom of hyperglycemia resulting from defective insulin production, insulin action, or
both
