Personality Final Exam
Syllabus exam info
Final Exam - Quizlet: Nicole
Learning Theories I: Classical and Operant Conditioning Models (Chapter 10)
Lecture 9 (Melika) COMPLETED
Learning Theories II: Social Learning and Social Cognitive Approaches (Chapter 12):
LECTURE: Kyjayne - COMPLETED
Humanistic and Phenomenological Perspectives: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
(Chapters 5 & 6) CYNTHIA and abby:5 KYLE :6 COMPLETED
Chapter 10: Zareen and Tiana COMPLETED
Chapter 12- Melika and sofia (in progress)
Film: Three Approaches to Psychotherapy, Carl Rogers and Gloria (tentative)
Chapter Q&A - Camila Raquio
(Cynthia/abby) Chapter 5; Major Concepts (Textbook) COMPLETED
Carl Rogers: View of the Person
● ‘The subjectivity of experience’
● Roger’s theory is built on a deeply significant insight into human condition
● When we see something occur, we believe it exists as we saw it
● We are confident in our objective knowledge of an objective reality
● A subjective construction; the space of perceptions that make our experience
● The ‘reality’ we observe is really a private world of experience… the
phenomenal field
Phenomenal Field:
- the space of perceptions that makes up our experience (subjective construction). The
individual constructs this inner world of experience, and the construction reflects not only
the outer world of reality but also the inner world of personal needs, goals, and beliefs.
Inner psychological needs shape the subjective experiences that we interpret as
objectively real.
, - Example: You detect a disappointed look from a dating partner, these emotions (anger,
disappointment) are the reality that is experienced but this so-called reality could be
wrong.
- Personal needs need to be attractive to the dating partner may contribute to us
perceiving the other as angry/disappointed. Yet, people commonly fail to recognize this
influence of inner needs on the perceptions of the outer world. Failing to recognize this,
the individual perceives his experience as reality
- We are sure things really exist as we saw them. Yet seeing is not an objective recording
of the world of reality but a subjective construction that reflects our personal needs.
Feelings of authenticity:
● People are prone to a distinctive form of psychological distress
● It is a feeling of alienation or detachment- the feeling that one's experiences and
daily activities do not stem from one’s true, authentic self
● These feelings arise because we need the approval of others; we tell ourselves
that their desires and values are our own
● Individuals may think but not feel an attachment to his/her own values
● Primary and visceral reactions are ignored and the individual begins on a
pathway that he later describes as ‘i really don’t know myself’
● Rogers’ conception of aspects of an organism differed from freud
○ To Freud, visceral reactions were animalistic impulses that needed to be
curbed by the civilized ego and superego
○ To Rogers, instinctive visceral reactions are a potential source of wisdom
The positivity of human motivation:
● Rogers’ conception of human motivation
● Based on his clinical experiences, Rogers was convinced that the core of our
nature is essentially positive
● Our most fundamental motivation is toward positive growth, but rogers realized
that most institutions teach us otherwise (ex- religions perceive humans as sinful)
● Rogers acknowledged that ppl can and often do act destructive and evil, but his
basic contention is that, when we are functioning freely, we are able to move
toward our potential as positive, mature beings
A phenomenological perspective:
● Rogers takes a phenomenological approach to the study of persons
● In psychology, this approach investigates people’s conscious experiences
● The investigation does not try to characterize the world of reality as it exists
independent of the human observer
● Instead, one is interested in the experiences of the observer: how the person
experiences the world
,Roger’s view of the science of personality:
● Rogers argues that personality psychology must address subjective internal
experiences
● These experiences cannot be measured in the manner of objective physical
qualities
● Instead, they have a subjective quality; their meaning rests on the interpretations
of the individual having the experience
● His work can be understood as an attempt to draw on the best of two worlds, that
is of traditional science and that of the clinical understanding of subjective
experience
● Rogers had a great respect for the scientific method and felt that psychology
could eventually establish itself as a lawful science
● He was particularly careful to subject his ideas about the effective forms of
therapy to scientific testing
● He made a valiant effort to wed the scientific and the human sides of personality
science
Phenomenal Field:
- the space of perceptions that makes up our experience (subjective construction). The
individual constructs this inner world of experience, and the construction reflects not only
the outer world of reality but also the inner world of personal needs, goals, and beliefs.
Phenomenology; The study of human experience: in personality psychology, an approach to
personality theory that focuses on how the person perceives and experiences the self and the
world
The personality theory of carl rogers:
The self:
● The self is an aspect of phenomenological experience
● It is one aspect of our experience of the world, that is, one of the things that fill
our conscious experience of ourselves, or a ‘self’
● The individual perceives external objects and experiences that attaches
meanings to them
● Individual’s phenomenal field: made up of the total system of perceptions and
meanings
● Self: subset of the phenomenal field that is recognized by the individual as me or
I
, ● Self-concept system/self: represents an organized and consistent pattern of
perceptions
● To rogers, the self is not a little person inside of us
● The self does not independently control behaviour, rather, the self is an
organized set of perceptions possessed by the individual who is ultimately
responsible for his/her actions
Self-concept (The “self”); The perceptions and meaning associated with the self, me or I
- The individual perceives external objects and experiences and attaches meanings to
them. The total system of perceptions and meanings make up the individual’s
phenomenal field. That subset of the phenomenal field that is recognized by the
individual as “me,” or “I” is the self. The self or self-concept represents an organized
and consistent pattern of perceptions.
- Although the self changes, it always retains this pattern, integrated, organized quality.
2 Aspects of “the self” (Actual self & Ideal self)
- Rogers recognized that people naturally think about not only themselves in the present
but also their potential selves in the future
- The ideal self is the self-concept that an individual would most like to possess. it
includes the perceptions and meanings that potentially are relevant to the self and that
are valued highly by the individual.
- Rogers' vest recognizes that our views of our self-contained two distinct components;
the self that we believe we are now and the self that we ideally see ourselves becoming
in the future.
- Note; The use of the term self differs from that of Carl Jung. Jang thought of the
self as an unconscious archetypal Force, whereas Rogers uses the term self to
refer to our conscious self concept.
Q-sort technique (measuring self-concept); Developed by Stephenson (1953). In the Q-sort
the psychologist administering the test gives the test taker a set of cards, each containing a
statement describing a personality characteristic;
- “Makes friends easily”, “trouble expressing anger” etc
- Test takers sort these cards to the degree in which statement is seen as descriptive of
themselves. This is done on a scale labeled most characteristic of me, on one end and
least characteristic of me on the other.
- People are then asked to sort these cards according to forced distribution (most cards
are in the middle with little cards on either extreme end) this ensures that the test taker
carefully considers the content of each personality attribute in comparison to the others.
- Noteworthy Features: interesting balance between fixed and flexible measures
- The same statements are given to all test takers (fixed) but the test takers must put them
in order most-least characteristic of them (flexible, kind of; refer to ch2)
- Can be administered to people more than once in order to assess the ideal self
and the actual self.
Syllabus exam info
Final Exam - Quizlet: Nicole
Learning Theories I: Classical and Operant Conditioning Models (Chapter 10)
Lecture 9 (Melika) COMPLETED
Learning Theories II: Social Learning and Social Cognitive Approaches (Chapter 12):
LECTURE: Kyjayne - COMPLETED
Humanistic and Phenomenological Perspectives: Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
(Chapters 5 & 6) CYNTHIA and abby:5 KYLE :6 COMPLETED
Chapter 10: Zareen and Tiana COMPLETED
Chapter 12- Melika and sofia (in progress)
Film: Three Approaches to Psychotherapy, Carl Rogers and Gloria (tentative)
Chapter Q&A - Camila Raquio
(Cynthia/abby) Chapter 5; Major Concepts (Textbook) COMPLETED
Carl Rogers: View of the Person
● ‘The subjectivity of experience’
● Roger’s theory is built on a deeply significant insight into human condition
● When we see something occur, we believe it exists as we saw it
● We are confident in our objective knowledge of an objective reality
● A subjective construction; the space of perceptions that make our experience
● The ‘reality’ we observe is really a private world of experience… the
phenomenal field
Phenomenal Field:
- the space of perceptions that makes up our experience (subjective construction). The
individual constructs this inner world of experience, and the construction reflects not only
the outer world of reality but also the inner world of personal needs, goals, and beliefs.
Inner psychological needs shape the subjective experiences that we interpret as
objectively real.
, - Example: You detect a disappointed look from a dating partner, these emotions (anger,
disappointment) are the reality that is experienced but this so-called reality could be
wrong.
- Personal needs need to be attractive to the dating partner may contribute to us
perceiving the other as angry/disappointed. Yet, people commonly fail to recognize this
influence of inner needs on the perceptions of the outer world. Failing to recognize this,
the individual perceives his experience as reality
- We are sure things really exist as we saw them. Yet seeing is not an objective recording
of the world of reality but a subjective construction that reflects our personal needs.
Feelings of authenticity:
● People are prone to a distinctive form of psychological distress
● It is a feeling of alienation or detachment- the feeling that one's experiences and
daily activities do not stem from one’s true, authentic self
● These feelings arise because we need the approval of others; we tell ourselves
that their desires and values are our own
● Individuals may think but not feel an attachment to his/her own values
● Primary and visceral reactions are ignored and the individual begins on a
pathway that he later describes as ‘i really don’t know myself’
● Rogers’ conception of aspects of an organism differed from freud
○ To Freud, visceral reactions were animalistic impulses that needed to be
curbed by the civilized ego and superego
○ To Rogers, instinctive visceral reactions are a potential source of wisdom
The positivity of human motivation:
● Rogers’ conception of human motivation
● Based on his clinical experiences, Rogers was convinced that the core of our
nature is essentially positive
● Our most fundamental motivation is toward positive growth, but rogers realized
that most institutions teach us otherwise (ex- religions perceive humans as sinful)
● Rogers acknowledged that ppl can and often do act destructive and evil, but his
basic contention is that, when we are functioning freely, we are able to move
toward our potential as positive, mature beings
A phenomenological perspective:
● Rogers takes a phenomenological approach to the study of persons
● In psychology, this approach investigates people’s conscious experiences
● The investigation does not try to characterize the world of reality as it exists
independent of the human observer
● Instead, one is interested in the experiences of the observer: how the person
experiences the world
,Roger’s view of the science of personality:
● Rogers argues that personality psychology must address subjective internal
experiences
● These experiences cannot be measured in the manner of objective physical
qualities
● Instead, they have a subjective quality; their meaning rests on the interpretations
of the individual having the experience
● His work can be understood as an attempt to draw on the best of two worlds, that
is of traditional science and that of the clinical understanding of subjective
experience
● Rogers had a great respect for the scientific method and felt that psychology
could eventually establish itself as a lawful science
● He was particularly careful to subject his ideas about the effective forms of
therapy to scientific testing
● He made a valiant effort to wed the scientific and the human sides of personality
science
Phenomenal Field:
- the space of perceptions that makes up our experience (subjective construction). The
individual constructs this inner world of experience, and the construction reflects not only
the outer world of reality but also the inner world of personal needs, goals, and beliefs.
Phenomenology; The study of human experience: in personality psychology, an approach to
personality theory that focuses on how the person perceives and experiences the self and the
world
The personality theory of carl rogers:
The self:
● The self is an aspect of phenomenological experience
● It is one aspect of our experience of the world, that is, one of the things that fill
our conscious experience of ourselves, or a ‘self’
● The individual perceives external objects and experiences that attaches
meanings to them
● Individual’s phenomenal field: made up of the total system of perceptions and
meanings
● Self: subset of the phenomenal field that is recognized by the individual as me or
I
, ● Self-concept system/self: represents an organized and consistent pattern of
perceptions
● To rogers, the self is not a little person inside of us
● The self does not independently control behaviour, rather, the self is an
organized set of perceptions possessed by the individual who is ultimately
responsible for his/her actions
Self-concept (The “self”); The perceptions and meaning associated with the self, me or I
- The individual perceives external objects and experiences and attaches meanings to
them. The total system of perceptions and meanings make up the individual’s
phenomenal field. That subset of the phenomenal field that is recognized by the
individual as “me,” or “I” is the self. The self or self-concept represents an organized
and consistent pattern of perceptions.
- Although the self changes, it always retains this pattern, integrated, organized quality.
2 Aspects of “the self” (Actual self & Ideal self)
- Rogers recognized that people naturally think about not only themselves in the present
but also their potential selves in the future
- The ideal self is the self-concept that an individual would most like to possess. it
includes the perceptions and meanings that potentially are relevant to the self and that
are valued highly by the individual.
- Rogers' vest recognizes that our views of our self-contained two distinct components;
the self that we believe we are now and the self that we ideally see ourselves becoming
in the future.
- Note; The use of the term self differs from that of Carl Jung. Jang thought of the
self as an unconscious archetypal Force, whereas Rogers uses the term self to
refer to our conscious self concept.
Q-sort technique (measuring self-concept); Developed by Stephenson (1953). In the Q-sort
the psychologist administering the test gives the test taker a set of cards, each containing a
statement describing a personality characteristic;
- “Makes friends easily”, “trouble expressing anger” etc
- Test takers sort these cards to the degree in which statement is seen as descriptive of
themselves. This is done on a scale labeled most characteristic of me, on one end and
least characteristic of me on the other.
- People are then asked to sort these cards according to forced distribution (most cards
are in the middle with little cards on either extreme end) this ensures that the test taker
carefully considers the content of each personality attribute in comparison to the others.
- Noteworthy Features: interesting balance between fixed and flexible measures
- The same statements are given to all test takers (fixed) but the test takers must put them
in order most-least characteristic of them (flexible, kind of; refer to ch2)
- Can be administered to people more than once in order to assess the ideal self
and the actual self.
