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Chapter 2 Theories MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS 1. __________ wrote Republic. A) Aristotle B) Plato C) Hans J. Morgenthau D) Niccolo Machiavelli Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 21 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Remember the Facts 2. Plato and Aristotle were from __________. A) Great Britain B) Italy C) Greece D) Egypt Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 21 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Remember the Facts 3. Aristotle argued that the best political communities would be __________. A) dominated by wealthy citizens B) oligarchies C) formed by elites D) formed by citizens of the middle class Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 21 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 4. Which of the following best characterizes Aristotle? A) He only explained what is. B) He only explained what ought to be. C) He explained both what is and what ought to be. D) He neither explained what is nor what ought to be. Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 21 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 5. Which of the following would be consistent with Confucius’s vision of government? A) Immoral behavior by rulers B) Participation of the masses C) Moral behavior by rulers D) Limits on family ties Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 22 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 6. What shape depicted in your text might best describe healthcare reform according to a liberal? A) A diamond B) An upside down triangle C) A triangle D) A vertical rectangle Answer: C Learning Objective: Introduction Page Ref: 20 Topic/A-head: Introduction Skill Level: Apply What You Know 7. Which statement best reflects a descriptive statement? A) The United States has a higher infant mortality rate than Japan. B) The United States should do more to help the poor. C) The United States would benefit from lower taxes. D) The United States would benefit from building more prisons. Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 21 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Apply What You Know 8. Which statement best reflects a normative description? A) The United States has higher taxes than most European democracies. B) The United States has lower taxes than most European democracies. C) The United States has a federal income tax. D) The United States has tax rates that are too low. Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 21 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Apply What You Know 9. Which of the following pairs of terms are most incompatible with each other? A) Descriptive, realism B) Normative, realism C) Descriptive, realism D) Normative, zeitgeist Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 21 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Analyze It 10. Aristotle and John Locke might agree on which point? A) The importance of voting rights for all citizens B) The importance of property rights C) The importance of changing paradigms D) The importance of the scientific method Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 21 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Analyze It 11. What theory best explains a scenario where India develops similar political views to France, despite the fact that France was unaware of Indian political philosophies until recently? A) Modernization Theory B) Classical Theory C) Rational-Choice Theory D) Marxist Theory Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.1, 2.6 Page Ref: 22, 30-31 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories, Modernization Theory Skill Level: Analyze It 12. Thomas Hobbes wrote that “the life of man [is] solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and __________.” A) endless B) tiring C) short D) depressing Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.2 Page Ref: 23 Topic/A-head: The Contractualists Skill Level: Remember the Facts 13. Which of the following is most consistent with the idea of a social contract? A) Government should be limited to ensure individual freedom. B) Individuals join and stay in civil society. C) Citizens prefer solitary lives to living in groups. D) Citizens are more concerned with their own social situation than the community. Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Page Ref: 23 Topic/A-head: The Contractualists Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 14. Hobbes, Locke, and Rousseau would likely agree on which of the following? A) Individuals join and stay in civil society B) Life is nasty and brutish C) Power resided with the proletariat D) The importance of empirical research Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Page Ref: 23 Topic/A-head: The Contractualists Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 15. Which of the following was of greatest concern to John Locke? A) Freedom of speech for all B) Power resided with the proletariat C) The right to property D) Voting rights Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.2 Page Ref: 23 Topic/A-head: The Contractualists Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 16. Social contracts, the state of nature, and civil society are phrases that are best associated with __________. A) the contractualists B) Marxists C) behavioralism D) systems theory Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Page Ref: 23 Topic/A-head: The Contractualists Skill Level: Apply What You Know 17. If __________ were alive, he might suggest that poor academic performance in schools could be attributed to a society that does not promote education and provides few resources devoted to schools. A) John Locke B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau C) Thomas Hobbes D) Machiavelli Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.2 Page Ref: 23 Topic/A-head: The Contractualists Skill Level: Apply What You Know 18. Which of the following is most consistent with the concept of the “general will” according to Rousseau? A) Creating a park for the citizens to enjoy B) Using public dollars so that some citizens can attend private schools C) Offering tax breaks to one auto manufacturing plant D) Low turnout in elections Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.2 Page Ref: 23 Topic/A-head: The Contractualists Skill Level: Analyze It 19. Karl Marx used the term __________ to refer to everything built on top of the economy. A) the social contract B) institutions C) behavioralism D) superstructure Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.3 Page Ref: 25 Topic/A-head: Marxist Theories Skill Level: Remember the Facts 20. __________ favor social and economic change to help the poor. A) Conservatives B) Leftists C) Bourgeoisie D) Zeitgeists Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Page Ref: 25 Topic/A-head: Marxist Theories Skill Level: Remember the Facts 21. The “spirit of the times” would do which of the following according to Hegel? A) Move history along B) Lead to disillusionment C) Prevent tyranny D) Provide a balance to politics Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.3 Page Ref: 31 Topic/A-head: Marxist Theories Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 22. Which of the following would most likely be supported by the bourgeoisie? A) Equality for all B) A revolt by the proletariat C) Minority rights D) Conflict for economic gain Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.3 Page Ref: 24 Topic/A-head: Marxist Theories Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 23. According to Karl Marx, what would likely replace capitalism? A) Communism B) Socialism C) Feudalism D) Conservatism Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Page Ref: 25 Topic/A-head: Marxist Theories Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 24. Which of the following best undermines the Marxist argument? A) Capitalist society’s frequently collapse. B) Socialism is the natural replacement of capitalism. C) Capitalism has survived major stock market crashes. D) India has a democratic government. Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.3 Page Ref: 24 Topic/A-head: Marxist Theories Skill Level: Apply What You Know 25. Which statement best supports Marxist Theories? A) The United States provides ample opportunities for all that work hard. B) Similarities exist between economies in both Europe and the United States. C) Tax breaks will often create jobs, benefiting the working class. D) Uneven benefits to corporations with few benefits for workers, led to the economic crises in the early 2000s. Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.3 Page Ref: 24-25 Topic/A-head: Marxist Theories Skill Level: Analyze It 26. The term __________ might best explain why different periods throughout history have distinctive characteristics. A) bourgeoisie B) zeitgeist C) paradigm D) general will Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.3 Page Ref: 24 Topic/A-head: Marxist Theories Skill Level: Analyze It 27. Assuming that we can study society scientifically is consistent with which of the following? A) Marxism B) Realism C) Positivism D) Systems theory Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.4 Page Ref: 26 Topic/A-head: Behavioralism Skill Level: Remember the Facts 28. The formal structures of government like the U.S. Congress are referred to as __________. A) institutions B) systems C) paradigms D) superstructures Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Page Ref: 26 Topic/A-head: Behavioralism Skill Level: Remember the Facts 29. A thesis is best described as __________. A) a claim you are going to prove B) a finding based on research C) something that is not testable D) a research design Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Page Ref: 27 Topic/A-head: Behavioralism Skill Level: Remember the Facts 30. Auguste Comte would most likely agree with which of the following statements? A) The natural sciences and social sciences are nothing alike. B) Social science methods can be applied to the natural sciences. C) Natural science methods can be applied to the social sciences. D) The proletariat will ultimately revolt. Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.4 Page Ref: 26 Topic/A-head: Behavioralism Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 31. Which of the following is a criticism of behavioralism? A) Behavioralism is not value-free. B) Behavioralism has never been used in the United States. C) Natural science methods cannot be applied to the social sciences. D) Behavioralism focuses too much on the big picture. Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.4 Page Ref: 26 Topic/A-head: Behavioralism Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 32. Which of the following most undermines the potential benefits of the behavioral approach? A) Public opinion in Northern Canada B) European democratic governments C) Southwestern voting patterns in the United States D) The current conflicts in the Sudan Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.4 Page Ref: 26 Topic/A-head: Behavioralism Skill Level: Apply What You Know 33. Which of the following applies to the concept of New Institutionalism? A) A synthesis of traditional behavior and other techniques in the study of politics B) Feedback to members of Congress from their constituents that changes how they will vote C) The president is constrained because of limitation on powers granted in Article II of the Constitution D) Incentives that alter which candidates citizens support Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.4 Page Ref: 27-28 Topic/A-head: Behavioralism Skill Level: Analyze It 34. David Easton is most associated with which of the following? A) Behavioralism B) Marxism C) Systems Theory D) Modernization Theory Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.5 Page Ref: 28 Topic/A-head: Systems Theory Skill Level: Remember the Facts 35. Which of the following is a key component to systems theory? A) Feedback B) Modernization C) Positivism D) The superstructure Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Page Ref: 28-30 Topic/A-head: Systems Theory Skill Level: Remember the Facts 36. A feedback loop is most likely associated with __________. A) Behavioralism B) Modernization Theory C) Rational-Choice Theory D) Systems Theory Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.5 Page Ref: 28-29 Topic/A-head: Systems Theory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 37. Which is a potential problem with a model? A) Oversimplification B) Undersimplification C) Irrationality D) Rationality Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Page Ref: 29 Topic/A-head: Systems Theory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 38. Which best exemplifies systems theory? A) A person voting for the candidate that will best benefit that voter B) A school district adjusting a bilingual education program to accommodate a large influx of non-native Americans. C) Two nations creating similar programs because of industrialization D) Using scientific methods to study society. Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.5 Page Ref: 28 Topic/A-head: Systems Theory Skill Level: Apply What You Know 39. Which statement best undermines systems theory? A) The passage of healthcare reform despite opposition from the public. B) The passage of healthcare reform because of support from the public. C) The passage of healthcare reform because other democracies of a certain age have done such a thing. D) A dislike of government guaranteed healthcare in the United States. Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.5 Page Ref: 28-29 Topic/A-head: Systems Theory Skill Level: Analyze It 40. Hegel is most associated with which theory? A) Marxism B) Modernization C) Positivism D) Rational-Choice Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.6 Page Ref: 30 Topic/A-head: Modernization Theory Skill Level: Remember the Facts 41. Seymour Martin Lipset wrote __________. A) The Prince B) Arthashastra C) Social Contract D) Political Man Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.6 Page Ref: 31 Topic/A-head: Modernization Theory Skill Level: Remember the Facts 42. Which of the following is a likely characteristic of a democratic nation? A) Low levels of education B) They are led by a dictator C) Relatively high gross domestic product D) Turmoil and instability Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.6 Page Ref: 31 Topic/A-head: Modernization Theory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 43. Gross Domestic Product is frequently used to assess __________. A) wealth B) health care C) education D) systems Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.6 Page Ref: 31 Topic/A-head: Modernization Theory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 44. Seymour Martin Lipset would most likely agree with which statement? A) China will become more socialistic as it industrializes. B) China instigates conflicts because wars benefit the ruling class. C) As China becomes more democratic, its politics and economic situation will remain stable. D) As China becomes more democratic, it will undergo many economic and political changes. Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.6 Page Ref: 31 Topic/A-head: Modernization Theory Skill Level: Analyze It 45. Rational-Choice Theory is most related to which of the following? A) Behavioralism B) Modernization Theory C) Game Theory D) Contractualism Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.7 Page Ref: 32 Topic/A-head: Rational-Choice Theory Skill Level: Remember the Facts 46. Rational-Choice theory became popular among political scientists during what time period? A) Prior to World War I B) Prior to World War II C) The 1950s D) The 1970s Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.7 Page Ref: 31 Topic/A-head: Rational-Choice Theory Skill Level: Remember the Facts 47. Game theory is most associated with __________. A) modernization theory B) behavioralism C) systems theory D) rational-choice theory Answer: D Learning Objective: 2.7 Page Ref: 32 Topic/A-head: Rational-Choice Theory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 48. The statement, “Germany is relatively wealthy and its citizens are well-educated, so it must be a democracy,” is consistent with __________. A) modernization theory B) classical theory C) rational-choice theory D) Marxist theory Answer: A Learning Objective: 2.7 Page Ref: 31-32 Topic/A-head: Rational-Choice Theory Skill Level: Apply What You Know 49. If we try to predict how South Korea will react to threats from North Korea, considering both the costs and benefits of a particular action, __________ will be most useful. A) modernization theory B) classical theory C) rational-choice theory D) Marxist theory Answer: C Learning Objective: 2.7 Page Ref: 31-32 Topic/A-head: Rational-Choice Theory Skill Level: Apply What You Know 50. Which of the following most weakens arguments from game theorists? A) Political actors are usually predictable. B) President Obama could not estimate the effect of pulling troops out of Iraq. C) Political scientists have been very accurate in collecting data. D) Like Europe, the United States will become more socialistic over the next 100 years. Answer: B Learning Objective: 2.7 Page Ref: 32 Topic/A-head: Rational-Choice Theory Skill Level: Analyze It TRUE/FALSE QUESTIONS 51. Realists focus on the world as it should be. Answer: FALSE Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 21-22 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Remember the Facts 52. Political theory was limited to Europe until the 20th Century. Answer: FALSE Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 22 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 53. John Locke’s theories were more pessimistic than Thomas Hobbes. Answer: FALSE Learning Objective: 2.2 Page Ref: 23 Topic/A-head: The Contractualists Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 54. Thomas Hobbes’s work might be useful in examining Rwandan genocides. Answer: TRUE Learning Objective: 2.2 Page Ref: 23 Topic/A-head: The Contractualists Skill Level: Apply What You Know 55. Karl Marx called the ruling class the proletariat. Answer: FALSE Learning Objective: 2.3 Page Ref: 24 Topic/A-head: Marxist Theories Skill Level: Remember the Facts 56. Congress is a political institution. Answer: TRUE Learning Objective: 2.4 Page Ref: 26 Topic/A-head: Behavioralism Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 57. The “political systems” model was devised by David Easton. Answer: TRUE Learning Objective: 2.5 Page Ref: 28 Topic/A-head: Systems Theory Skill Level: Remember the Facts 58. The idea that prior to reauthorization, adjustments might be made to an educational program based on demands from parents, teachers, and students is consistent with systems theory. Answer: TRUE Learning Objective: 2.5 Page Ref: 28 Topic/A-head: Systems Theory Skill Level: Apply What You Know 59. India’s democracy appears to defy expectations based on Modernization theory. Answer: TRUE Learning Objective: 2.6 Page Ref: 30-31 Topic/A-head: Modernization Theory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 60. Rational-choice theorists argue that behavior cannot be predicted. Answer: FALSE Learning Objective: 2.7 Page Ref: 31 Topic/A-head: Rational-Choice Theory Skill Level: Remember the Facts FILL-IN-THE-BLANK QUESTIONS 61. Niccolo Machiavelli’s __________ was about getting and using political __________. Answer: The Prince; power Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 22 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Remember the Facts 62. Hobbes imagined a __________ society. Answer: civil Learning Objective: 2.2 Page Ref: 23 Topic/A-head: The Contractualists Skill Level: Remember the Facts 63. The concept of the __________ suggests that society’s interests might trump individual, selfish concerns. Answer: general will Learning Objective: 2.2 Page Ref: 23 Topic/A-head: The Contractualists Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 64. The German term __________ refers to the spirit of the times. Answer: Zeitgeist Learning Objective: 2.3 Page Ref: 24 Topic/A-head: Marxist Theories Skill Level: Remember the Facts 65. Karl Marx argued that if a country went to war, it was likely to benefit the __________. Answer: bourgeoisie Learning Objective: 2.3 Page Ref: 24 Topic/A-head: Marxist Theories Skill Level: Apply What You Know 66. Formal structures of government, like the presidency or the courts, are referred to as __________. Answer: institutions Learning Objective: 2.4 Page Ref: 26 Topic/A-head: Behavioralism Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 67. A feedback loop is associated with __________ theory. Answer: systems Learning Objective: 2.5 Page Ref: 28 Topic/A-head: Systems Theory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 68. __________ theory would likely predict that democracy might follow a nation once it becomes wealthy. Answer: Modernization Learning Objective: 2.6 Page Ref: 30-31 Topic/A-head: Modernization Theory Skill Level: Apply What You Know 69. A __________ is a model or way of doing research which is accepted by the discipline. Answer: paradigm Learning Objective: 2.7 Page Ref: 32 Topic/A-head: Rational-Choice Theory Skill Level: Remember the Facts 70. Rational-Choice theorists might employ __________ theory to study how political actors might behave. Answer: game Learning Objective: 2.7 Page Ref: 32 Topic/A-head: Rational-Choice Theory Skill Level: Understand the Concepts SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONS 71. How are the terms “descriptive” and “normative” different from each other? Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 21 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 72. What did Hobbes mean when he stated a “war of each against all?” Learning Objective: 2.2 Page Ref: 23 Topic/A-head: The Contractualists Skill Level: Apply What You Know 73. Why are capitalists doomed, according to Marx? Learning Objective: 2.3 Page Ref: 25 Topic/A-head: Marxist Theories Skill Level: Analyze It 74. What often happens to poor nations trying to become democratic? Why? Learning Objective: 2.6 Page Ref: 31 Topic/A-head: Modernization Theory Skill Level: Apply What You Know 75. Why is rational-choice theory often referred to as game theory? Learning Objective: 2.7 Page Ref: 31-32 Topic/A-head: Rational-Choice Theory Skill Level: Analyze It ESSAY QUESTIONS 76. Explain Confucius’ vision for a good, stable government. Could this apply to the United States? Answer: An ideal response will: a. Discuss how Confucius’s vision for good, stable government was based on the family and correct, moral behavior instilled in rulers and ruled alike. b. Include some discussion of whether family plays an important role in politics in the United States. For example, the answer could discuss how people learn political beliefs from parents. c. Include a discussion of how citizens often look to leaders for guidance. For example, in times of war, citizens of the United States look to the president to see that someone is leading the country. d. The answer could also discuss lack of moral leadership in the United States. For example, politicians have been caught in scandals that may undermine what Confucius suggested. Learning Objective: 2.1 Page Ref: 22 Topic/A-head: Classic Theories Skill Level: Apply What You Know 77. Contrast the Contractualists’ state of nature and the consequences of each vision. Answer: An ideal response will: a. Discuss that the “state of nature” existed before civilization. b. Discuss how Hobbes viewed the state of nature as incredibly harsh. c. Discuss how Locke’s views were less pessimistic, though civilization would be necessary to secure property rights. d. Discuss how Rousseau was more optimistic about individuals, but it was society that corrupted them. He discussed the general will, which was what the community wanted. e. Indicate how all of these theorists acknowledge that people enter into contracts to create a civil society. f. Discuss how the Founding Fathers utilized these theorists in creating the United States. The U.S. Constitution is a social contract. Learning Objective: 2.2 Page Ref: 23 Topic/A-head: The Contractualists Skill Level: Analyze It 78. What are the weaknesses in Marxist Theory? Answer: An ideal response will: 1. Discuss how in some places, like the Soviet Union, Marxism led to tyranny. 2. Discuss how contrary to Marx’s predictions, capitalism has not collapsed. Marx, for example, did not predict the adaptive ability of capitalism. 3. Discuss how capitalism is not a single system, but instead is multiple systems. The United States, France, Singapore, and Japan all have somewhat different capitalist systems. Learning Objective: 2.3 Page Ref: 24-25 Topic/A-head: Marxist Theories Skill Level: Understand the Concepts 79. What were the advantages and disadvantages of the behavioral approach to studying politics? Evaluate some problems with this approach. Answer: An ideal response will: a. Discuss how behaviorists focus on actual behaviors. b. Behaviorists made significant contributions on attitudes, values of citizens, and on voting behavior. c. Discuss how critics of behaviorists noted that this view was static, conservative, and not value-free. These studies may ignore change and the role of time. Further, behaviorists often focus on stable democratic systems, rather than conflict areas, so many areas may be understudied. Critics also noted that behaviorism focuses on narrow topics, ignoring the big picture. The answer should discuss how this narrow focus might be problematic. Learning Objective: 2.4 Page Ref: 26-27 Topic/A-head: Behavioralism Skill Level: Apply What You Know 80. Evaluate the biological analogy at the heart of systems theory. Analyze the utility of this analogy. Answer: An ideal response will: a. Discuss how David Easton suggested that the political systems were analogous to a biological system that contained a feedback loop. b. Discuss how citizen demands, which are inputs, are acknowledged by government decision makers who process them into authoritative decision or outputs. This is similar to how a biological organism functions. c. Discuss the utility of this theory. For example, the answer might discuss how feedback may alter decision making. For example, President Nixon ended the military draft after the Vietnam war became unpopular. The answer could also include modern examples of how feedback alters government decisions and how this compares to biological systems. Learning Objective: 2.5 Page Ref: 28-30 Topic/A-head: Systems Theory Skill Level: Analyze It