PNB Exam 4 questions & answers rated A+ passed

PNB Exam 4 questions & answers
rated A+ passed

Urinary system - ANS ✔✔- Excretes:

~ Metabolic end products

~ Drugs, and many other

- Regulates

~ Many essential substances

~ Osmolarity

~ pH

~ Arterial blood pressure

- Secretes

~ Secrete renin, erythropoietin, and actives vitamin D



Kidney anatomy - ANS ✔✔- Cortex: outer are

~ Outer cortical region

~ Internal juxtamedullary region

- Medulla: inner area

~ Renal pyramids

- Calyces:

~ Minor: papillae extend

~ Major: converge to form pelvis



Anatomy: Nephron - ANS ✔✔Two types:

- Cortical (85%)

, ~ Re-absorption

~ Peritubular capillaries

- Juxtamedullary

~ Concentrate urine

~ Vasa recta and peritubular capillaries



Renal corpuscle= glomerulus + Bowman's capsule - ANS ✔✔- Glomerulus: capillary network

- Bowman's capsule: beginning of tubule



Macula densa cells - ANS ✔✔Osmoreceptors (modified epithelial cells) in distal tubule



Granular cells - ANS ✔✔Modified smooth muscle of afferent arteriole secrete Renin



Mesangial Cells - ANS ✔✔Contractile -> regulate glomerular filtration



Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) - ANS ✔✔Amount of plasma filtered from the glomeruli into
bowmans space per unit time

- Average adult GFR rate: 125 ml/min



Glomerular capillary hydrostatic pressure (P_H) - ANS ✔✔- Primary mechanism for physiological
regulation of GFR



3 variables influencing P_H - ANS ✔✔1.) Arterial pressure; however this is buffered by
autoregulation

2.) Afferent arteriolar resistance

3.) Efferent arteriolar resistance