UK SOC 101 Final Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025-2026
What does it mean to say that race and gender are socially constructed? - Answers -social
construction of gender: learning gender roles through socialization and interaction with others
-Positive and negative sanctions for practices of masculine or feminine behavior (how gender
differences are learned)
Gender - Answers Is a master status, is a device by which society controls its members.
(concerns cultural and psychological differences)
Sex - Answers Indicates physical differences between men and women.
Sex Category - Answers Identification and social recognition as a member of one sex
Master Status - Answers The social position that is the primary identifying characteristic of an
individual. A status that has exceptional importance for social identity.
Patriarchy - Answers Male dominance in society.
Most societies are patriarchy.
Women in the united states have made progress but are still unequal to men in many ways.
Gender Stratification - Answers Unequal access to power, prestige and property based on
gender differences.
Gender typing - Answers Women holding occupations of lower status and pay, such as
secretarial and retail positions, and men holding jobs of higher status and pay, such as
managerial and professional positions.
Gender role socialization - Answers The learning of gender roles through social factors such as
schooling, the media, and family.
Hegemony/Cultural Hegemony - Answers Control of consensus; promotion of dominant, taken
for granted ideologies.
Gramsci's view of ideology.
Hegemonic Masculinity - Answers Dominant form in our society. (heterosexual, independence,
dominance of women, aggressive, pursuit of sexual gratification, physical strength, suppression
of emotion)
Complicit Masculinity - Answers Doesn't fit the characteristics of hegemonic masculinity, but
doesn't challenge it. Often admires the characteristics of hegemonic masculinity.
Marginalized Masculinity - Answers Cannot fit into hegemonic masculinity- still subscribe to the
norms of hegemonic masculinity. (ex: men with disabilities, socio-economic status)
, Subordinate Masculinity - Answers Qualities that oppose the values of hegemonic masculinity.
(Physical weakness, homosexual, bisexual, effeminate, emotional.)
Emphasized Femininity - Answers Accommodating to hegemonic masculinity. (emotional, frailty,
sociable, housework, compliance, child and home care, ego stroking in relationships.)
Resistance Femininity - Answers Resists the compliance of emphasized femininity. Challenges
male domination, exhibits power and strength.
Complex Femininity - Answers Combination of cooperation, resistance and compliance.
Modeling theory - Answers Our attitudes, values, and behavior are developed in part through
observation. Media show situations and conduct as attractive. Provide models for an audience
to imitate.
Rape Culture - Answers A culture in which rape is pervasive and normalized. (an integrated set
of beliefs, norms, values and conceptions (non-material culture) that encourages and promotes
the victimization of women embedded in compatible structural arrangements.)
Glass Ceiling - Answers A promotion Barrier that prevents a woman's upward mobility within an
organization.
Mommy Track - Answers Emphasizes career and family, encourages women to take lower job,
pay. Confirms cultural assumption that child rearing is "women's work."
Child penalty - Answers Women missing out on work experience raising children.
Glass Escalator - Answers Men in female dominated jobs are pushed to the top.
Gender pay gap - Answers Sex segregation
Jobs dominated by men are paid more than jobs dominated by women
1963 Equal Pay Act
Human capital theory
Functionalist approach towards gender inequality - Answers Men and women specialize in
different tasks to achieve social solidarity and integration.
Talcott Parsons saw family as efficient with women in expressive roles and men in instrumental
roles.
Cultural Capital - Answers Non financial assets
Conflict theory - Answers Halves create the norms and structure of society, and use them to
maintain a monopoly on power.
What does it mean to say that race and gender are socially constructed? - Answers -social
construction of gender: learning gender roles through socialization and interaction with others
-Positive and negative sanctions for practices of masculine or feminine behavior (how gender
differences are learned)
Gender - Answers Is a master status, is a device by which society controls its members.
(concerns cultural and psychological differences)
Sex - Answers Indicates physical differences between men and women.
Sex Category - Answers Identification and social recognition as a member of one sex
Master Status - Answers The social position that is the primary identifying characteristic of an
individual. A status that has exceptional importance for social identity.
Patriarchy - Answers Male dominance in society.
Most societies are patriarchy.
Women in the united states have made progress but are still unequal to men in many ways.
Gender Stratification - Answers Unequal access to power, prestige and property based on
gender differences.
Gender typing - Answers Women holding occupations of lower status and pay, such as
secretarial and retail positions, and men holding jobs of higher status and pay, such as
managerial and professional positions.
Gender role socialization - Answers The learning of gender roles through social factors such as
schooling, the media, and family.
Hegemony/Cultural Hegemony - Answers Control of consensus; promotion of dominant, taken
for granted ideologies.
Gramsci's view of ideology.
Hegemonic Masculinity - Answers Dominant form in our society. (heterosexual, independence,
dominance of women, aggressive, pursuit of sexual gratification, physical strength, suppression
of emotion)
Complicit Masculinity - Answers Doesn't fit the characteristics of hegemonic masculinity, but
doesn't challenge it. Often admires the characteristics of hegemonic masculinity.
Marginalized Masculinity - Answers Cannot fit into hegemonic masculinity- still subscribe to the
norms of hegemonic masculinity. (ex: men with disabilities, socio-economic status)
, Subordinate Masculinity - Answers Qualities that oppose the values of hegemonic masculinity.
(Physical weakness, homosexual, bisexual, effeminate, emotional.)
Emphasized Femininity - Answers Accommodating to hegemonic masculinity. (emotional, frailty,
sociable, housework, compliance, child and home care, ego stroking in relationships.)
Resistance Femininity - Answers Resists the compliance of emphasized femininity. Challenges
male domination, exhibits power and strength.
Complex Femininity - Answers Combination of cooperation, resistance and compliance.
Modeling theory - Answers Our attitudes, values, and behavior are developed in part through
observation. Media show situations and conduct as attractive. Provide models for an audience
to imitate.
Rape Culture - Answers A culture in which rape is pervasive and normalized. (an integrated set
of beliefs, norms, values and conceptions (non-material culture) that encourages and promotes
the victimization of women embedded in compatible structural arrangements.)
Glass Ceiling - Answers A promotion Barrier that prevents a woman's upward mobility within an
organization.
Mommy Track - Answers Emphasizes career and family, encourages women to take lower job,
pay. Confirms cultural assumption that child rearing is "women's work."
Child penalty - Answers Women missing out on work experience raising children.
Glass Escalator - Answers Men in female dominated jobs are pushed to the top.
Gender pay gap - Answers Sex segregation
Jobs dominated by men are paid more than jobs dominated by women
1963 Equal Pay Act
Human capital theory
Functionalist approach towards gender inequality - Answers Men and women specialize in
different tasks to achieve social solidarity and integration.
Talcott Parsons saw family as efficient with women in expressive roles and men in instrumental
roles.
Cultural Capital - Answers Non financial assets
Conflict theory - Answers Halves create the norms and structure of society, and use them to
maintain a monopoly on power.
