Anatomy Exam 1 Study Guide Questions With Complete
Solutions
ascending pathway vs descending pathway Correct Answer
ascending - to brain
descending - away from brain
Differentiate between Decorticate and Decerebrate posturing
Correct Answer Decorticate - rubrospinal excitation of flexor
muscles in upper extremities
Lesion above the red nucleus will result in decorticate posture
Thumb tucked under flexed fingers in fisted position, pronation
of forearm, flexion at elbow, extended lower extremity, foot
inversion; (arms in core)
Seen in hemiplegic side after hemorrhages or thromboses
Decerebrate - Lesion below red nucleus but above
vestibulospinal tract
Upper extremity pronation and extension, lower extremity in
extension
Reason - red nucleus reinforces antigravity flexion, so you
eliminate this and then you get unregulated reticulospinal and
vestibulospinal extension tone
, Babinski sign - when present in child older than 2, sign up CNS
disorder; big toe upward when stroke sole of foot (dorsiflexion),
fanning of other toes
Differentiate between micro glia and macro glia Correct
Answer Macro glia - Astrocytes (BBB), oligodendrocytes
(CNS myelination), Schwann cells (PNS myelination)
Micro glia - mediate immune responses by acting as
macrophages and using phagocytosis to clear dead cells and
debris.
Differentiate between muscle filaments Correct Answer actin
and myosin
Differentiate between respiratory acidosis and respiratory
alkalosis Correct Answer Respiratory acidosis is due to
hypoventilation. With slow shallow breaths, there is an
accumulation of CO2 in the blood because it cannot transport
across the alveolar barrier fast enough. This increase in CO2 in
the blood leads to a decrease in pH (CO2 acts as an acid). It also
leads to an increase in bicarbonate in the blood as CO2 binds
with with H20 to make H2CO3 which leads to H+ (acid) plus
HCO3 (bicarb).
Asthma, COPD, acute pulmonary edema, obesity, scoliosis, MS
or muscular dystrophy.
Respiratory alkalosis is due to hyperventilation. With fast, deep
breaths too much CO2 is exhaled and too much O2 enters the
blood stream. This causes an increase in pH, a decrease in bicarb
and a decrease in plasma CO2. This is because with less CO2,
Solutions
ascending pathway vs descending pathway Correct Answer
ascending - to brain
descending - away from brain
Differentiate between Decorticate and Decerebrate posturing
Correct Answer Decorticate - rubrospinal excitation of flexor
muscles in upper extremities
Lesion above the red nucleus will result in decorticate posture
Thumb tucked under flexed fingers in fisted position, pronation
of forearm, flexion at elbow, extended lower extremity, foot
inversion; (arms in core)
Seen in hemiplegic side after hemorrhages or thromboses
Decerebrate - Lesion below red nucleus but above
vestibulospinal tract
Upper extremity pronation and extension, lower extremity in
extension
Reason - red nucleus reinforces antigravity flexion, so you
eliminate this and then you get unregulated reticulospinal and
vestibulospinal extension tone
, Babinski sign - when present in child older than 2, sign up CNS
disorder; big toe upward when stroke sole of foot (dorsiflexion),
fanning of other toes
Differentiate between micro glia and macro glia Correct
Answer Macro glia - Astrocytes (BBB), oligodendrocytes
(CNS myelination), Schwann cells (PNS myelination)
Micro glia - mediate immune responses by acting as
macrophages and using phagocytosis to clear dead cells and
debris.
Differentiate between muscle filaments Correct Answer actin
and myosin
Differentiate between respiratory acidosis and respiratory
alkalosis Correct Answer Respiratory acidosis is due to
hypoventilation. With slow shallow breaths, there is an
accumulation of CO2 in the blood because it cannot transport
across the alveolar barrier fast enough. This increase in CO2 in
the blood leads to a decrease in pH (CO2 acts as an acid). It also
leads to an increase in bicarbonate in the blood as CO2 binds
with with H20 to make H2CO3 which leads to H+ (acid) plus
HCO3 (bicarb).
Asthma, COPD, acute pulmonary edema, obesity, scoliosis, MS
or muscular dystrophy.
Respiratory alkalosis is due to hyperventilation. With fast, deep
breaths too much CO2 is exhaled and too much O2 enters the
blood stream. This causes an increase in pH, a decrease in bicarb
and a decrease in plasma CO2. This is because with less CO2,
