TestbBankb-bAdvancedbPhysiologybandbPathophysiology:bEssentialsbforbClinicalbPractice,b1stbEditionb(Tkacs,b2021),bChapterb1-17b|bAllbChapters

Test Bank - b b




Advanced Physiology and Pathophysiology: Essentials for
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Clinical Practice, 1st Edition (Tkacs, 2021), Chapter 1- b b b b b b b




17 | All Chapters
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What is the most abundant class of plasma protein?
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a. Globulin
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b. Albumin
b



c. Clotting factors
b b



d. Complement proteins - ANSWER ANS: B
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Albumin (approximately 60% of total plasma protein at a concentration of about 4 g/dl) is t
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he most abundant plasma protein.
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What is the effect of low plasma albumin?
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a. Clotting factors decrease, thus increasing the chance of prolonged bleeding.
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b. Fewer immunoglobulins are synthesized, thus impairing the immune function.
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c. Less iron is stored, thus increasing the incidence of iron deficiency anemia.
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d. Osmotic pressure decreases, thus water moves from the capillaries to the
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interstitium. - ANSWER ANS: D b b bb b




In the case of decreased production (e.g., cirrhosis, other diffuse liver diseases, protein
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malnutrition) or excessive loss of albumin (e.g., certain kidney diseases, extensive burns
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),
the reduced oncotic pressure leads to excessive movement of fluid and solutes into the
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tissues and decreased blood volume. The other options are not accurate descriptions of t
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he
effect of low plasma albumin.
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What is the life span of an erythrocyte (in days)?
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a. 20 to 30
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b. 60 to 90
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c. 100 to 120
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d. 200 to 240 - ANSWER ANS: C
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Because it cannot undergo mitotic division, the erythrocyte has a limited life span of appr
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oximately 120 days. b b




Which statement concerning erythrocytes is true?
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a. Erythrocytes contain a nucleus, mitochondria, and ribosomes.
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b. Erythrocytes synthesize proteins.
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c. Erythrocytes have the ability to change shape to squeeze through microcirculation.
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d. Erythrocyte colony-stimulating factor (E-CSF) stimulates erythrocytes. -
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ANSWER ANS: C
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,Reversible deformity enables the erythrocyte to assume a more compact torpedo-
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like shape, squeeze through the microcirculation, and return to normal. The other option
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s are not accurate statements about erythrocytes.
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Granulocytes that contain granules of vasoactive amines, such as histamine, are called:
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a. Neutrophils
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b. Eosinophils
b



c. Monocytes
b



d. Basophils - ANSWER ANS: D
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Basophils contain cytoplasmic granules that hold an abundant mixture of biochemical m
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ediators, including histamine, chemotactic factors, proteolytic enzymes, and an anticoag
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ulant (heparin) (see Figure 27-
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3, C). This is not an accurate description of any of the other options.
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Which of the following are formed elements of the blood that are not cells but are disk-
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shaped cytoplasmic fragments essential for blood clotting?
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a. Monocytes
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b. Platelets
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c. Macrophages
b



d. Erythrocytes - ANSWER ANS: B
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Platelets (thrombocytes) are not true cells but are disk-
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shaped cytoplasmic fragments that are essential for blood coagulation and control of ble
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eding. This description is not accurate for any of the other options.
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Blood cells that differentiate into macrophages are known as:
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a. Monocytes
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b. Neutrophils
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c. Eosinophils
b



d. Basophils - ANSWER ANS: A
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Only monocytes migrate into a variety of tissues and fully mature into tissue macrophage
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s and myeloid dendritic cells (see Table 27-3).
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Without prior exposure to an antigen, which cells are able to destroy some types of tumor
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cells and some virus-infected cells?
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a. Lymphocytes
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b. Plasma cells
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c. Megakaryocytes
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d. Natural killer (NK) cells - ANSWER ANS: D
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NK cells, which resemble large granular lymphocytes, kill some types of tumor cells (in vit
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ro) and some virus-
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infected cells without being induced by previous exposure to these antigens. This capabi
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lity is not true of the other options.
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What is the life span of platelets (in days)?
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a. 10b b

, b. 30 b



c. 90
b



d. 120 - ANSWER ANS: A
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A platelet circulates for approximately 10 days and ages. Macrophages of the mononucl
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ear phagocyte system, mostly in the spleen, remove platelets.
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Fetal hematopoiesis occurs in which structure?
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a. Gut b b



b. Spleen
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c. Bone marrow
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d. Thymus - ANSWER ANS: B
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The spleen is the largest of the secondary lymphoid organs and the site of fetal hematopo
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iesis

What is the consequence of a splenectomy?
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a. The level of iron in circulation increases.
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b.Antibody production increases to improve immune function. b b b b b b



c. The number of defective cells in circulation increases.
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d. The number of clotting factors increases. - ANSWER ANS: C
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Splenic absence from any cause (e.g., atrophy, traumatic injury, removal because of dis
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ease) has several secondary effects on the body, among them an increase in morphologi
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cally defective blood cells in the circulation, confirming the spleen's role in removing old o
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r damaged cells. This description of the consequence of a splenectomy is not accurate fo
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r the other options.
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During an infection, why do lymph nodes enlarge and become tender?
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a. B lymphocytes proliferate.
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b. The nodes are inflamed.
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c. The nodes fill with purulent exudate.
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d. The nodes are not properly functioning. - ANSWER ANS: A
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The B lymphocyte proliferation in response to significant antigen (e.g., during infection)
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may result in lymph node enlargement and tenderness (reactive lymph node). This descr
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iption is not accurate for the other options.
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Which blood cells are the chief phagocytes involved in the early inflammation process?
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a. Neutrophils
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b. Monocytes
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c. Eosinophils
b



d. Erythrocytes - ANSWER ANS: A
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Neutrophils are the chief phagocytes of early inflammation. b b b b b b b




Which blood cells are biconcave in shape and have the capacity to be reversibly deforme
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d?
a. Neutrophils
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b. Monocytes
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