UTMB Advanced Pathophysiology 5355 Exam 3 Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct

UTMB Advanced Pathophysiology 5355 Exam 3 Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct Multiple sclerosis - ANSWER chronic, inflammatory autoimmune demyelinating disease of the CNS. : patho includes CNS demyelination thought to be caused by an immune reaction Acetylcholine - ANSWER excitatory or inhibitory, enables muscle action, learning, memory- involved in memory impairment in Alzheimer's disease Norepinephrine - ANSWER Helps control alertness and arousal. Under supply can depress mood. Serotonin - ANSWER inhibitory, involved with mood, hunger, sleep, and arousal- insufficient linked to depression, involved in migraine headaches, Prozac and antidepressant drugs raise levels Dopamine - ANSWER excitatory, influences movement, learning, emotions, pleasure, decreased levels associated with tremors in parkinson's and depression, excess linked to schizophrenia GABA - ANSWER major inhibitory, undersupply linked to anxiety, seizures, tremors and insomnia Glutamate - ANSWER A major excitatory neurotransmitter; involved in memory, oversupply can overstimulate brain producing migraines or seizures (MSG) PKU - ANSWER is a rare, inherited disorder that causes increased the levels of phenylalanine in the blood due to a defect in the gene that helps create an enzyme, tyrosine Tyrosine is needed - ANSWER to synthesize proteins, melanin and thyroxine, and break down phenylalanine Tyrosine is found in - ANSWER all proteins, artificial sweeteners Failure to convert phenylalanine to tyrosine - ANSWER can cause cognitive disabilities, seizures Myasthenia gravis patho - ANSWER patho includes antibodies that attach to receptor sites and block the binding of acetylcholine causing atrophy of muscles and decrease use Attention defecit disorder - ANSWER excessive frontal lobe activity resulting in frontal lobe dysfunction (hyperactivity) Triad of symptoms for ADHD - ANSWER inattentiveness, impulsivity, hyperactivity, multimodal regimen needs to be considered Dementia characteristics - ANSWER is an acquired impairment of intellectual function, memory and language with alteration in behavior and can be caused by trauma, vascular disease, infection and progressive neurodegeneration. AD is most common chronic irreversible dementia Delirium characteristics - ANSWER acute confusional state, transient disorders of awareness that have sudden or gradual onset can be caused by alcohol or drugs, withdrawal from, metabolic disorders, trauma, anesthesia, fever/heatstroke, electrolyte imbalance, organ failure Migraine Headaches - ANSWER a common, multifactorial, disabling, recurrent and hereditary neurovascular headache disorders. can begin with auras. usually unilateral and pulsating auras - ANSWER transient focal neurological symptoms whose origin is though to involve the hypothalamus, brainstem and cortex Migraines are - ANSWER an inflammatory process. The MAIN POINTS are that there are likely alterations in serotonin and other neurotransmitters, neurologic, vascular (inflammation) and hormonal components (estrogen). Neurovascular Hypothesis - ANSWER A trigger alters a specific area of the brain stem called the locus ceruleus and triggers release of serotonin into the trigeminal vascular tree. Not all patients are able to identify a trigger. Those commonly identified include lack of sleep, stress, hormonal changes, physical exertion, weather changes or certain foods (most commonly wine caffeine, monosodium glutamate, nitrates, and artificial sweeteners). Perivascular inflammatory process - ANSWER Pain sensors in the ophthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve become active and release neuropeptides that cause dilation of blood vessels. This produces even more nerve irritation. The inflammatory response and distended blood vessels stimulate the trigeminal nerve; producing pain long after the trigger is gone. Menstrual migraines are thought to be triggered by changes in estrogen levels - ANSWER Estrogen levels rise after ovulation. Falling levels of estrogen during the premenstrual period may trigger the onset of migraine. Process of neurotransmitter transmission between two neurons - ANSWER 1)action potentials arrive at axon terminal 2) Voltage gated Ca+ channels open 3) Ca++ enters cells 4) Ca++ signals to vesicles 5)Vesicles move to the membrane 6)Vesicles release neurotransmitters by exocytosis 7)Neurotransmitter diffuses across synaptic cleft and binds to receptors The neurotransmitters that could be involved in the different types of anxiety disorders (i.e., panic) - ANSWER Major ones are norepinephrine serotonin, and gamma- aminobutyric acid. Increases would be seen in norepinephrine and serotonin (opposite in depression). Dysregulation of the brain GABA - ANSWER benzodiazepine receptor system may contribute to the development of panic attacks. Altered in panic disorder related to a reduction in the benzodiazepine (BZ) receptor binding. BZ plays a role in GABA producing a neuronal inhibitory effect. Anxiety Disorders - ANSWER associated with GABA dysfunction, most prevalent psych disorder, out of proportion to actual threat posed impairs daily functioning. often occu r with major depression. patient needs to be screened for other disease processes first Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD) - ANSWER uncontrollable chronic worry that is unrealistic and excessive, persisting for at least 6 months Panic Disorder - ANSWER an anxiety disorder that consists of sudden, overwhelming attacks of terror lasting less than 30 minutes, sense of impending doom, patients avoid situations to avoid precipitating attacks Social Phobia - ANSWER extreme, persistent fear of social or performance situations Obsessive Compulsive Disorder - ANSWER recurrent obsessions that cause marked