HIS 144 Exam Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update

HIS 144 Exam Questions Answered Correctly Latest Update Enlightenment: - Answers - a European intellectual movement of the late 17th and 18th centuries emphasizing reason and individualism rather than tradition. -It was heavily influenced by 17th-century philosophers such as Descartes, Locke, and Newton, and its prominent exponents include Kant, Goethe, Voltaire, Rousseau, and Adam Smith. -Age of Reason -weakened hold on traditional religion,emergence of deism -Secular code of ethics apart from what the church believes -Curiosity about history:believed in humanity progress -human reason in solving most of humanity's' problems Thomas Hobbes: (English Civil War) - Answers -Wrote the Leviathan (Social Contract) in 1651 which was revolutionary bc it dealt with social contract, the act of giving your freedom to a government and in return receiving protection, but this goes both ways and the people have the right to ask for the return of that freedom if the government does not come through. -Government provides security while people give up some liberty. -Believed that mankind was inherently selfish and evil; cannot be trusted to care for certain affairs John Locke - Answers -wrote two treaties on government -believed humans were reasonable, and were born with a blank slate, and that environment shapes the person English philosopher who advocated the idea of a "social contract" in which government powers are derived from the consent of the governed and in which the government serves the people. - Answers Thomas Paine: - Answers Wrote the "Rights of Man" which defended the actions taken in the French Revolution; was written in response to Burkes "Reflections on the Revolution in France" - Answers believed that the sole purpose of the government is to protect the individual; often compared to the "Common Sense" - Answers His counterpart was Edmund Burke and together they created the modern "Right and Left" in politics - Answers Mercantilism: belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism (google definition) - Answers Common Sense : gave reasons easy to understand. Thomas Paine 1776 Criticizes England and the King. - Answers Paine published his pamphlet Common Sense in January 1776, exhorting Americans to rise in opposition to the British government and establish a new government based on Enlightenment ideals. - Answers Historians have cited the publication of this pamphlet as the event that finally sparked the Revolutionary War. - Answers Paine also published rational criticisms of religion, most famously in The Age of Reason (). In which argued that the colonists should free themselves from British rule and establish an independent government based on Enlightenment ideals - one that would protect man's natural rights. - Answers Napoleon Bonaparte: - Answers Coup d'etat Acted to restore peace, allowed refugees to return, allowed catholic church to return. - Answers Unified Europe under control of France. Favored Roman art, architecture, and sculpture. - Answers Napoleonic Wars, France vs. Britain, Russia, and Austria. Defeated finally 1815. - Answers Defeat led to reconstruction of europe. - Answers Napoleonic Code: The code forbade privileges based on birth, allowed freedom of religion, and specified that government jobs should go to the most qualified. - Answers Three Estates: - Answers First Estate: Church and clergy members, no taxes - Answers Second Estate: Aristocracy aka The Nobility, few taxes - Answers Third Estate: Everyone else, payed most taxes - Answers Reign of Terror: - Answers From Sept. 1793- July 1794 - Answers Was directed by the "Committee for Public Safety" - Answers 40,000 people executed - Answers 70% peasants died in the guillotine - Answers it ended when the Committee began radical changes that the peopole did not agree with, which aided Napoleon's rise to power - Answers Abbé Sieyès - Answers Wrote "What is the Third Estate?"pamphlet which stated that it is the Third Estate that holds the power to make a constitution; demanded equal representation in Estate-General - Answers Helped Napoleon Bonaparte rise to power in French Government. - Answers