1
NU 545 Unit 1|
UPDATE|COMPREHENSIVE MOST TESTED
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS|GET IT 100% ACCURATE!!
What is metabolic absorption? - (ANSWER)The uptake and use of nutrients and
other substances from the cells surrounds (pg. 3).
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative reaction? -
(ANSWER)Peroxisomes contain enzymes to use o2 to remove H atoms. This
produces hydrogen peroixide. (pg 8)
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion? -
(ANSWER)Lysosomes aid in cellular digestion, seen as "trash cans and recycling
agents" "as cells complete their life span and die, lysosomes digest...the debris...
Lysosomes involved in this process of autodigestion are called autolysosomes or
autophagomes (pg 7-8).
Where is the genetic info contained in the cell? - (ANSWER)The nucleus contains
the Nucleolus, a small dense structure composed of RNA, DNA, DNA protein. Pg 3.
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? - (ANSWER)"The
main components of cell membranes are lipids and proteins. The basic structure
of cell membranes is the lipid bilayer..." pg 12
,2
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells? - (ANSWER)Diffusion is the
movement of a solute molecule from and area of greater solute concentration to
an area of lesser solute concentration. (pg. 29). Active transport of K+ and Na+
requires a Sodium-Potassium Pump (pg. 31).
How is the cell protected from injury? - (ANSWER)Plasma membrane pg 12 table
1.1 (functions of membrane).
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the erythrocytes? -
(ANSWER)causes a decrease in membrane fluidity and affects the cells' ability to
transport oxygen
What is platelet-derived growth factor? - (ANSWER)PDGF stimulates proliferation
of connective tissue cells and neuroglial cells. Can help with creating blood clots.
Pg 38.
What is cell communication? How does it occur? - (ANSWER)Cells need to
communicate w/ each other to maintain a stable internal environment, or
homeostasis; to regulate growth and division... it is done by 3 main ways. 1) they
display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the
cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact. 2) they affect receptor proteins
inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the cell to bind w/
them. 3) they form protein channels that directly coordinate the activities of the
adjacent cells. Pg 19.
What is chemical signaling? - (ANSWER)Primary means of cell-to-cell
communication. 5 forms of signaling mediated by secreted molecules: (1)
Contact-dependent signaling requires cells to be in close membrane-membrane
, 3
contact; (2) Paracrine signaling- cells secrete local chemical mediators that are
quickly absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized; (3) Autocrine signaling- cells
produce signals that they, themselves, respond to (cancer cells); (4) Hormonal
signaling involves specialized endocrine cells that secrete chemicals called
hormones (TSH). Hormones are released by one set of cells and travel through the
tissue and through the bloodstream to produce a response in other sets of cells;
(5) Neurohormonal signaling- hormones are released into the blood by
neurosecretory neurons. (p.19)
How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell? - (ANSWER)Pancreatic
cells secrete and release insulin to signal muscle cells to absorb sugar from the
blood for energy. (p.3)
Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium across plasma
membranes - (ANSWER)The Na+ -K+ antiport system (Na+ moving out of the cell
and K+ moving into the cell) uses the direct energy of ATP to move these cations.
The transporter protein is the enzyme adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase).
Approximately 60% to 70% of the ATP synthesized by cells is used to maintain the
Na+-K+ transport system. 1, three Na+ ions bind to sodium- binding sites on the
carrier's interface. 2, at the same time, an energy- containing adenosine
triphosphate molecule produced by the cell's mitochondria bind to the carrier.
The ATP disassociates, transferring its stored energy to the carrier. 3 and 4, the
carrier then changes shape, releases the three Na+ ions to the outside of the cell,
and attracts two potassium ions to its potassium- binding site. 5, the carrier then
returns to its original shape, releasing the two K+ ions and the remnant of the ATP
molecule to the inside of the cell. The carrier is now ready for another pumping
cycle (p.31)
What is active transport? - (ANSWER)requires life, biologic activity, and the cell's
expenditure of metabolic energy. Unlike passive transport, active transport occurs
NU 545 Unit 1|
UPDATE|COMPREHENSIVE MOST TESTED
QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED
SOLUTIONS|GET IT 100% ACCURATE!!
What is metabolic absorption? - (ANSWER)The uptake and use of nutrients and
other substances from the cells surrounds (pg. 3).
What uses oxygen to remove hydrogen atoms in an oxidative reaction? -
(ANSWER)Peroxisomes contain enzymes to use o2 to remove H atoms. This
produces hydrogen peroixide. (pg 8)
During cell injury what is released that is capable of cellular autodigestion? -
(ANSWER)Lysosomes aid in cellular digestion, seen as "trash cans and recycling
agents" "as cells complete their life span and die, lysosomes digest...the debris...
Lysosomes involved in this process of autodigestion are called autolysosomes or
autophagomes (pg 7-8).
Where is the genetic info contained in the cell? - (ANSWER)The nucleus contains
the Nucleolus, a small dense structure composed of RNA, DNA, DNA protein. Pg 3.
Cell membranes contain which major chemical components? - (ANSWER)"The
main components of cell membranes are lipids and proteins. The basic structure
of cell membranes is the lipid bilayer..." pg 12
,2
What allows potassium to diffuse in and out of cells? - (ANSWER)Diffusion is the
movement of a solute molecule from and area of greater solute concentration to
an area of lesser solute concentration. (pg. 29). Active transport of K+ and Na+
requires a Sodium-Potassium Pump (pg. 31).
How is the cell protected from injury? - (ANSWER)Plasma membrane pg 12 table
1.1 (functions of membrane).
In cirrhosis, what does cholesterol have to do with the erythrocytes? -
(ANSWER)causes a decrease in membrane fluidity and affects the cells' ability to
transport oxygen
What is platelet-derived growth factor? - (ANSWER)PDGF stimulates proliferation
of connective tissue cells and neuroglial cells. Can help with creating blood clots.
Pg 38.
What is cell communication? How does it occur? - (ANSWER)Cells need to
communicate w/ each other to maintain a stable internal environment, or
homeostasis; to regulate growth and division... it is done by 3 main ways. 1) they
display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptors) that affect the
cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact. 2) they affect receptor proteins
inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to enter the cell to bind w/
them. 3) they form protein channels that directly coordinate the activities of the
adjacent cells. Pg 19.
What is chemical signaling? - (ANSWER)Primary means of cell-to-cell
communication. 5 forms of signaling mediated by secreted molecules: (1)
Contact-dependent signaling requires cells to be in close membrane-membrane
, 3
contact; (2) Paracrine signaling- cells secrete local chemical mediators that are
quickly absorbed, destroyed, or immobilized; (3) Autocrine signaling- cells
produce signals that they, themselves, respond to (cancer cells); (4) Hormonal
signaling involves specialized endocrine cells that secrete chemicals called
hormones (TSH). Hormones are released by one set of cells and travel through the
tissue and through the bloodstream to produce a response in other sets of cells;
(5) Neurohormonal signaling- hormones are released into the blood by
neurosecretory neurons. (p.19)
How is glucose transported from the blood to the cell? - (ANSWER)Pancreatic
cells secrete and release insulin to signal muscle cells to absorb sugar from the
blood for energy. (p.3)
Understand the transportation of potassium and sodium across plasma
membranes - (ANSWER)The Na+ -K+ antiport system (Na+ moving out of the cell
and K+ moving into the cell) uses the direct energy of ATP to move these cations.
The transporter protein is the enzyme adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase).
Approximately 60% to 70% of the ATP synthesized by cells is used to maintain the
Na+-K+ transport system. 1, three Na+ ions bind to sodium- binding sites on the
carrier's interface. 2, at the same time, an energy- containing adenosine
triphosphate molecule produced by the cell's mitochondria bind to the carrier.
The ATP disassociates, transferring its stored energy to the carrier. 3 and 4, the
carrier then changes shape, releases the three Na+ ions to the outside of the cell,
and attracts two potassium ions to its potassium- binding site. 5, the carrier then
returns to its original shape, releasing the two K+ ions and the remnant of the ATP
molecule to the inside of the cell. The carrier is now ready for another pumping
cycle (p.31)
What is active transport? - (ANSWER)requires life, biologic activity, and the cell's
expenditure of metabolic energy. Unlike passive transport, active transport occurs
