Pscyh 381 Athabasca U
Multiple Causation - CORRECT ANSWER-How people develop results from a wide
variety of forces. Development is shaped by biological, psychological, sociocultural and
life cycle forces.
Forces of Development - CORRECT ANSWER-Biological forces include all genetic and
health related factors that affect development. Psychological forces include all internal
perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development.
Sociocultural Forces - CORRECT ANSWER-Includes interpersonal, societal, cultural,
and ethnic factors that affect development.
Life Cycle Forces - CORRECT ANSWER-Reflect differences in how the same event or
combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces affects different people
at different points in their lives.
Cohort - CORRECT ANSWER-A group of people born at the same point or specific time
span in historical time.
Normative Age Graded Influences - CORRECT ANSWER-Experiences caused by
biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces that occur to most people of a
particular age.
Normative History Graded Influences - CORRECT ANSWER-Events that most people
in a specific culture experience at the same time.
Non-Normative Influences - CORRECT ANSWER-Random or rare events that may be
important for a specific individual but are not experienced by most people.
Primary Aging - CORRECT ANSWER-Normal, disease free development during
adulthood.
Secondary Aging - CORRECT ANSWER-Developmental changes that are related to
disease, lifestyle, and other environmentally induced changes that are not inevitable.
Tertiary Aging - CORRECT ANSWER-The rapid losses that occur shortly before death.
Perceived Age - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to the age you think of yourself as.
Biological Age - CORRECT ANSWER-Assessed by measuring the functioning of the
various vital, or life limiting, organ systems.
,Psychological Age - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to the functional level of the
psychological abilities people use to adapt to changing environmental demands.
Sociocultural Age - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to the specific set of roles individuals
adopt in relation to other members of the society and culture to which they belong.
Life Span Perspective - CORRECT ANSWER-divides human development into two
phases: an early phase - childhood and adolescence and a later phase - young
adulthood, middle age and old age
Multidirectionality - CORRECT ANSWER-Development involves both growth and
decline. As people grow in one area they may lose in another and at different rates
Plasticity - CORRECT ANSWER-One's capacity is not predetermined or set in concrete.
Many skills can be trained or improved with practice even in late life.
Historical Context - CORRECT ANSWER-Each of us develops within a certain set of
circumstances, determined by the historical time in which we were born and the culture
in which we grow up.
Nature vs. Nurture - CORRECT ANSWER-Involves the degree to which genetic or
hereditary influences (nature) and experimental or environmental influences (nurture)
determine the kind of person you are.
Stability-Change Issue - CORRECT ANSWER-Concerns the degree to which people
remain the same over time
Continuity-Discontinuity Controversy - CORRECT ANSWER-Concerns whether a
particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression over time
(continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity).
Universal vs. Context-Specific Development Controversy - CORRECT ANSWER-
Concerns whether there is just one path of development or several.
Reliability - CORRECT ANSWER-The extent to which it provides a consistent index of
the behaviour or topic of interest.
Validity - CORRECT ANSWER-The extent to which it measures what researchers think
it measures.
Systematic Observation - CORRECT ANSWER-Involves watching people and carefully
recording what they say or do.
, Sampling Behaviour with Tasks - CORRECT ANSWER-When investigators can't
observe a behaviour directly, another popular alternative is to create tasks that are
thought to sample the behaviour of interest.
Self-Reports - CORRECT ANSWER-People's answers to questions about the topic of
interest.
Representative Sampling - CORRECT ANSWER-The sample is truly representative of
the population of interest.
Experiment - CORRECT ANSWER-Involves manipulating a key factor that the
researcher believes is responsible for a particular behaviour and randomly assigning
participants to the experimental and control groups.
Independent Variable - CORRECT ANSWER-The key variable being manipulated.
Dependent Variable - CORRECT ANSWER-The typical behaviour that is observed.
Correlation Study - CORRECT ANSWER-Investigators examine relations between
variables as they exist naturally in the world.
Case Study - CORRECT ANSWER-Researchers study a single individual in great
detail.
Age Effects - CORRECT ANSWER-Reflect differences caused by underlying
processes, such as biological, psychological, or sociocultural changes.
Cohort Effects - CORRECT ANSWER-Differences caused by experiences and
circumstances unique to the generation to which one belongs
Time of Measurement Effects - CORRECT ANSWER-Reflect differences stemming
from sociocultural, environmental, historical, or other events at the time the data are
obtained from the participants.
Confounding - CORRECT ANSWER-Any situation in which one cannot determine which
of two or more effects is responsible for the behaviours being observed.
Cross-Sectional Study - CORRECT ANSWER-Developmental differences are identified
by testing people of different ages at the same time.
Longitudinal Study - CORRECT ANSWER-The same individuals are observed or tested
repeatedly at different points in their lives.
Microgenetic Study - CORRECT ANSWER-A special time of longitudinal design,
participants are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks, typically with the aim of
observing change directly as it occurs.
Multiple Causation - CORRECT ANSWER-How people develop results from a wide
variety of forces. Development is shaped by biological, psychological, sociocultural and
life cycle forces.
Forces of Development - CORRECT ANSWER-Biological forces include all genetic and
health related factors that affect development. Psychological forces include all internal
perceptual, cognitive, emotional, and personality factors that affect development.
Sociocultural Forces - CORRECT ANSWER-Includes interpersonal, societal, cultural,
and ethnic factors that affect development.
Life Cycle Forces - CORRECT ANSWER-Reflect differences in how the same event or
combination of biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces affects different people
at different points in their lives.
Cohort - CORRECT ANSWER-A group of people born at the same point or specific time
span in historical time.
Normative Age Graded Influences - CORRECT ANSWER-Experiences caused by
biological, psychological, and sociocultural forces that occur to most people of a
particular age.
Normative History Graded Influences - CORRECT ANSWER-Events that most people
in a specific culture experience at the same time.
Non-Normative Influences - CORRECT ANSWER-Random or rare events that may be
important for a specific individual but are not experienced by most people.
Primary Aging - CORRECT ANSWER-Normal, disease free development during
adulthood.
Secondary Aging - CORRECT ANSWER-Developmental changes that are related to
disease, lifestyle, and other environmentally induced changes that are not inevitable.
Tertiary Aging - CORRECT ANSWER-The rapid losses that occur shortly before death.
Perceived Age - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to the age you think of yourself as.
Biological Age - CORRECT ANSWER-Assessed by measuring the functioning of the
various vital, or life limiting, organ systems.
,Psychological Age - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to the functional level of the
psychological abilities people use to adapt to changing environmental demands.
Sociocultural Age - CORRECT ANSWER-Refers to the specific set of roles individuals
adopt in relation to other members of the society and culture to which they belong.
Life Span Perspective - CORRECT ANSWER-divides human development into two
phases: an early phase - childhood and adolescence and a later phase - young
adulthood, middle age and old age
Multidirectionality - CORRECT ANSWER-Development involves both growth and
decline. As people grow in one area they may lose in another and at different rates
Plasticity - CORRECT ANSWER-One's capacity is not predetermined or set in concrete.
Many skills can be trained or improved with practice even in late life.
Historical Context - CORRECT ANSWER-Each of us develops within a certain set of
circumstances, determined by the historical time in which we were born and the culture
in which we grow up.
Nature vs. Nurture - CORRECT ANSWER-Involves the degree to which genetic or
hereditary influences (nature) and experimental or environmental influences (nurture)
determine the kind of person you are.
Stability-Change Issue - CORRECT ANSWER-Concerns the degree to which people
remain the same over time
Continuity-Discontinuity Controversy - CORRECT ANSWER-Concerns whether a
particular developmental phenomenon represents a smooth progression over time
(continuity) or a series of abrupt shifts (discontinuity).
Universal vs. Context-Specific Development Controversy - CORRECT ANSWER-
Concerns whether there is just one path of development or several.
Reliability - CORRECT ANSWER-The extent to which it provides a consistent index of
the behaviour or topic of interest.
Validity - CORRECT ANSWER-The extent to which it measures what researchers think
it measures.
Systematic Observation - CORRECT ANSWER-Involves watching people and carefully
recording what they say or do.
, Sampling Behaviour with Tasks - CORRECT ANSWER-When investigators can't
observe a behaviour directly, another popular alternative is to create tasks that are
thought to sample the behaviour of interest.
Self-Reports - CORRECT ANSWER-People's answers to questions about the topic of
interest.
Representative Sampling - CORRECT ANSWER-The sample is truly representative of
the population of interest.
Experiment - CORRECT ANSWER-Involves manipulating a key factor that the
researcher believes is responsible for a particular behaviour and randomly assigning
participants to the experimental and control groups.
Independent Variable - CORRECT ANSWER-The key variable being manipulated.
Dependent Variable - CORRECT ANSWER-The typical behaviour that is observed.
Correlation Study - CORRECT ANSWER-Investigators examine relations between
variables as they exist naturally in the world.
Case Study - CORRECT ANSWER-Researchers study a single individual in great
detail.
Age Effects - CORRECT ANSWER-Reflect differences caused by underlying
processes, such as biological, psychological, or sociocultural changes.
Cohort Effects - CORRECT ANSWER-Differences caused by experiences and
circumstances unique to the generation to which one belongs
Time of Measurement Effects - CORRECT ANSWER-Reflect differences stemming
from sociocultural, environmental, historical, or other events at the time the data are
obtained from the participants.
Confounding - CORRECT ANSWER-Any situation in which one cannot determine which
of two or more effects is responsible for the behaviours being observed.
Cross-Sectional Study - CORRECT ANSWER-Developmental differences are identified
by testing people of different ages at the same time.
Longitudinal Study - CORRECT ANSWER-The same individuals are observed or tested
repeatedly at different points in their lives.
Microgenetic Study - CORRECT ANSWER-A special time of longitudinal design,
participants are tested repeatedly over a span of days or weeks, typically with the aim of
observing change directly as it occurs.
