Bio 322 Final Detailed Exam 2025

Bio 322 Final Detailed Exam 2025 If Claire has a hematocrit of 24 and a plasma glucose concentration of 80 mg/dl, how much glucose does she have in her plasma? - Correct Ans-96 mg Calculate the amount of K+ in plasma. Assume that the hematocrit is 50 and that there are 5 L of blood in your patient. The MW of K+ is 35 g/mol. - Correct Ans-12.5 mmol During the flu season and during allergy season some physicians recommend using a nasal rinse. These solutions are made with a buffer to regulate pH, and are hyper-tonic. Why would rinsing mucous membranes in your nose help to reduce symptoms like a runny nose? - Correct Ans-A hyper-tonic solution shrinks cells in the nasal membranes and reduce symptoms. What are the main neurotransmitters for the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems? - Correct Ans-Sympathetic = fight or flight = epinephrine. Parasympathetic =rest and digest = acetylcholine. Where is an interstitial cell in males and what does it do? - Correct Ans-It is located in the wall of the seminiferous tubule and it secrets testosterone. What is a nurse cell in males? - Correct Ans-These cells surround and support developing spermatocytes in the wall of the seminiferous tubules. Where does a spermatozoon develop and how does it leave the body? - Correct Ans Spermatids develop throughout life in the testes and epididymis. Sperm move through the ductus deferens (vas deferens), and leave the body via the urethra. Isotonic saline contains 150 mM NaCl. What is the concentration of Na+ and Cl- in this solution? - Correct Ans-Na+ = 150 mM and Cl- = 150 mM What is meiosis and mitosis? - Correct Ans-Meiosis is called a reduction division since it reduces the number of chromosomes. It occurs during production of gametes. Mitosis is part of the process of somatic cell division. What is the blood testes barrier? - Correct Ans-It is formed by nurse cells and it isolates the seminiferous tubules from the general circulation. The decline in levels of progesterone and estrogen that accompany degeneration of the corpus luteum - Correct Ans-Results in menses or destruction of the functional zone of the endometrium. BIO 322 BIO 322 Oocytes - Correct Ans-Are produced in the ovary and enter uterine tube via the infundibulum, and implant in the uterine wall if fertilization occurs. What statement is correct? - Correct Ans-1. The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle overlaps with the luteal phase of the uterine cycle. 2. The two phases of the uterine cycle include follicular and luteal. 3. The three uterine phases include menses, proliferative, and secretory. 4. Follicular phases during the uterine cycle require LH and FSH which are secreted by the ovary. (three) Ovulation - Correct Ans-Happens near the middle of the reproductive cycle when an oocyte is released by the ovary into the uterine tube, where is can be fertilized during the next 12-24 hours. What is the concentration of KCL if you dissolve 50 grams in 1L of water? The MW of KCl is 74 g/mol. - Correct Ans-0.67 M What is a body fluid compartment? - Correct Ans-Fluid compartments are 'spaces' separated by a semipermeable membrane. 2 main compartments are extracellular and intracellular. Water moves quickly between compartments by osmosis. What is exactly is edema? What causes it? - Correct Ans-Edema refers to swelling that is caused by excess fluid. There can be many causes including starvation, liver failure, heart failure, or kidney disease. A meal that is high in salt will cause temporary edema. Why? - Correct Ans-Absorption of NaCl at the GI tract results in increased water absorption as well. If the NaCl increases plasma osmolarity then ADH is released which stimulates water reabsorption by the kidney. This fluid expands the extracellular volume resulting in edema. Bruising is usually associated with swelling. Why? - Correct Ans-Blood loss from capillaries results in some plasma proteins moving to the interstitial space. These proteins, which are usually on inside the capillary, reduce reabsorption. Extensive tissue damage is associated with hyperkalemia. Why? - Correct Ans Hyperkalemia refers to excessive K+ in the plasma and results from cell destruction and the subsequent release of K+ into the plasma (intracellular K+ is high). The typical plasma glucose concentration is 100 mg/Dl. Express this in different units, mol/L. The molecular weight of glucose is 180 g/mol. 1 Dl = 100 mL = 0.1L - Correct Ans-5.5 mmol/L BIO 322 BIO 322 Hypotonic solutions are prescribed for dehydrated patients. Why - Correct Ans Hypertonic solution will cause fluid to move from the ICF to the ECF which will make dehydration worse. Consider a patient who is hypernatremic and hypokalemic. What endocrine problem might exist? - Correct Ans-Hyperaldosteronism, since aldosterone causes the kidney to secrete K+ and to reabsorb Na+. Select the one true statement: - Correct Ans-1. Aldosterone is secreted from the hypothalamus and it acts at the kidney, to lower blood pressure. 2. Aldosterone is secreted from the posterior pituitary gland and it acts at the collecting duct to insert water channels which promotes water reabsorption. 3. Aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal gland, located in the inferior part of the kidney, and acts to insert Na+ channels and promote Na+ secretion (and K+ reabsorption. 4. Aldosterone is secreted from the adrenal cortex when plasma K+ rises, or Na+ falls. It determines the rate of Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the distal convoluted tubule and the collecting ducts. (four) Jon just completed a 2 hour track workout in August heat and humidity. What would you anticipate to be true? - Correct Ans-Plasma K+ and Na+ concentrations will be elevated. Aldosterone, ADH, and renin will also be elevated. Angiotensin II produces a coordinated elevation in the ECF volume by - Correct Ans-1. triggering the production and secretion of aldosterone 2. causing the release of ADH 3. stimulating thirst The textbook states that clinical treatment for acute dehydration includes administering hypotonic fluids intravenously or by mouth. Why hypotonic? - Correct Ans-hypotonic solutions rapidly increase the EC. This will be followed by a cell swelling, or a fluid shift to the ICF as water moves by osmosis towards a region of higher osmolarity (the cells in this case). What is the concentration of NaCl after adding 28 grams to 0.5 L? The MW of NaCl = 58 grams/mol. - Correct Ans-0.97 M A patient arrives at your clinic with a rapid respiratory rate, plasma pH of 7.30, and a PCO2 of 40 mmHg. - Correct Ans-This is a metabolic acidosis because pH is low and PCO2 is normal. What chronic condition will result in a respiratory acidosis? - Correct Ans-Emphysema, where the respiratory membrane is damaged and gas exchange can't occur. BIO 322 BIO 322 Why would a hypertonic intravenous solution be dangerous for a patient with a 'weak heart'? - Correct Ans-Hypertonic solutions draw fluid from the ICF into the ECF, expanding the plasma volume. That can increase EDV, which could overstretch a weak heart. Why does drinking too much plain water cause swelling? - Correct Ans-Excess water intake reduces extracellular osmolarity. This will result in a fluid shift because water moves towards higher osmolarity. Therefore cells will swell. One common problem resulting from fluid and electrolyte imbalance is a cardiac arrhythmia. Why? - Correct Ans-loss of K+ will alter cardiac muscle electrical activity. This is one reason why plasma K+ concentration is regulated within narrow limits. When ECF volume increases, what happens? - Correct Ans-Baroreceptor activity increases, stimulating naturetic peptide release which stimulates Na and water loss. What is the osmolarity of a solution containing 10 mM NaCl, 130 mM KCl, 2 mM CaCl2, and 10 mM glucose? - Correct Ans-296 mOsm During hemorrhage - Correct Ans-Blood pressure decreases because blood volume decreases. What is a fluid shift? - Correct Ans-A rapid movement between of water between the ECF and ICF in response to an osmotic gradient. Increased sympathetic tone will - Correct Ans-Stimulate renin secretion. What IS NOT a function of the urinary system? - Correct Ans-Regulating plasma concentrations of Na, K, and glucose How does dehydration influence glomerular filtration? - Correct Ans-Filtration decreases because blood pressure decreases and because plasma osmolarity increases. When we say transport is 'carrier mediated', what does that mean? - Correct Ans-It means that transport is facilitated diffusion, active transport, cotransport, or countertransport which all involve a protein that resides in the plasma membrane. Estimate the amount of K+ in 2 L of packed red blood cells. - Correct Ans-280 mmol What is the concentration of glucose after adding 18 grams to 10 L? The MW is 180 grams/mol. - Correct Ans-0.01 mol/L or 10 mM The textbook states that the distal tubule and the collecting duct have variable reabsorption of secretion. What does this mean? - Correct Ans-It means that water and salt transport change according to the physiological circumstance. For example, when ADH is present more water is reabsorbed compared to when ADH is absent. BIO 322 BIO 322 If efferent arteriolar resistance increases, what happens? - Correct Ans-GFR increases. Where is osmolarity the highest? - Correct Ans-Loop of Henle If the glomerular filtration rate is 125 ml/min, how much filtrate is reabsorbed? - Correct Ans-Approximately 123.75 ml/min What is glomerulonephritis and why does it matter? - Correct Ans-Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomeruli and it blocks filtration, thus reducing urine output. Blood flow in the kidney flows through a portal circulation. Which of the following statements correctly describes the portal circulation in the kidney? - Correct Ans