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Genetics Essentials: Concepts and Connections 5th Edition by
w w w w w w w
Benjamin A. Pierce
w w
,TABLE OF CONTENT w w
Chapter w 01: Introduction to Genetics .................................................................................................................. 3
w w w
Chapter w 02: Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction .................................................................................... 15
w w w w
Chapter w 03: Basic Principles of Heredity......................................................................................................... 32
w w w w
Chapter w 04: Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principles ..................................................................... 59
w w w w w w
Chapter w 05: Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping ......................................................... 98
w w w w w w
Chapter w 06: Chromosome Variation ................................................................................................................. 115
w w
Chapter w 07: Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems ......................................................................................... 139
w w w w w
Chapter w 08 DNA: The Chemical Nature of the Gene................................................................................. 152
w w w w w w w
Chapter w 09: w DNA Replication and Recombination ........................................................................................ 181
w w w
Chapter w 10: w From DNA to Proteins: Transcription and RNA Processing ................................................. 198
w w w w w w w
Chapter w 11: w From DNA to Proteins: Translation .......................................................................................... 224
w w w w
Chapter w 12: w Control of Gene Expression ....................................................................................................... 244
w w w
Chapter w 13: w Gene Mutations, Transposable Elements, and DNA Repair .................................................. 278
w w w w w w
Chapter w 14: w Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology ....................................................................... 298
w w w w
Chapter w 15: w Genomics and Proteomics ........................................................................................................... 314
w w
Chapter w 16: w Cancer Genetics ............................................................................................................................ 332
w
Chapter 17: Quantitative Genetics .................................................................................................................... 346
w w w
Chapter 18: Population and Evolutionary Genetics ....................................................................................... 366
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,Chapter 01: Introduction to Genetics
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1. Albinism is rare in most human populations, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 20,000
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w people. However, the trait occurs at a frequency of 1 in 200 in certain Hopi villages of Black
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w Mesa in Arizona. Explain in terms of natural selection why albinism is so rare in most
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w human populations.
w
ANSWER: In most populations, there is fairly strong selection against albinism because albinos
w w w w w w w w w w w w
don‘t produce melanin, causing their skin cells not to be protected from the damaging
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
effects of sunlight. Also, the lack of melanin in their eyes causes them to have poor
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
eyesight. Finally, in most cultures albinos are seen as abnormal, and they are not
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
normally sought out for marriage and mating. Therefore, in most populations the alleles
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
that cause albinism are selected against, and they decrease in frequency or are kept at a
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
low level, causing the recessive trait to be rare.
w w w w w w w w w
2. Albinism is rare in most human populations, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 20,000
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w people. However, the trait occurs at a frequency of 1 in 200 in certain Hopi villages of Black
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w Mesa in Arizona. Explain in terms of natural selection why the trait is so much more common
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w among the Hopis of Black Mesa.
w w w w w
ANSWER: Albinos occupy a privileged position among the Hopis of Black Mesa. In this
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
culture, albinos are viewed as especially pretty, clean, and intelligent, and they
w w w w w w w w w w w w
often occupy positions of leadership. Albinos are celebrated in the villages as a
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
sign of purity of Hopi blood in the community.
w w w w w w w w w
Furthermore, albinos are often excused from normal male field labor because of their
w w w w w w w w w w w w
sensitivity to sunlight, causing them to be left behind in the village with the women
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
during the daytime. This allows them extra mating opportunities compared to the other
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
men of the village.
w w w w
Therefore, the alleles that cause albinism are either selected for in this culture or at least not
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
selected against as strongly as in other cultures, allowing the trait to occur at a much higher
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
frequency. w
3. Which one of the following pairings between the subdiscipline of genetics and the
w w w w w w w w w w w w
w phenomenon is INCORRECT? w w
a. evolution—population genetics w
b. gene regulation—molecular genetics
w w
c. allelic frequency alteration—population genetics
w w w
d. arrangement of genes on chromosome—transmission genetics
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e. chemical nature of the gene—transmission genetics
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ANSWER: e w
4. Which one of the following topics of research belongs to the discipline of transmission genetics?
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
a. inheritance pattern of gene alleles w w w w
b. mechanism of DNA replication w w w
c. gene expression patterns
w w
d. evolution
e. chemical modification of nucleic acids w w w w
ANSWER: a w
5. The complete genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its
w w w w w w w w w w w
, a. chromosome.
b. alleles.
Genetics Essentials: Concepts and Connections 5th Edition by
w w w w w w w
Benjamin A. Pierce
w w
,TABLE OF CONTENT w w
Chapter w 01: Introduction to Genetics .................................................................................................................. 3
w w w
Chapter w 02: Chromosomes and Cellular Reproduction .................................................................................... 15
w w w w
Chapter w 03: Basic Principles of Heredity......................................................................................................... 32
w w w w
Chapter w 04: Extensions and Modifications of Basic Principles ..................................................................... 59
w w w w w w
Chapter w 05: Linkage, Recombination, and Eukaryotic Gene Mapping ......................................................... 98
w w w w w w
Chapter w 06: Chromosome Variation ................................................................................................................. 115
w w
Chapter w 07: Bacterial and Viral Genetic Systems ......................................................................................... 139
w w w w w
Chapter w 08 DNA: The Chemical Nature of the Gene................................................................................. 152
w w w w w w w
Chapter w 09: w DNA Replication and Recombination ........................................................................................ 181
w w w
Chapter w 10: w From DNA to Proteins: Transcription and RNA Processing ................................................. 198
w w w w w w w
Chapter w 11: w From DNA to Proteins: Translation .......................................................................................... 224
w w w w
Chapter w 12: w Control of Gene Expression ....................................................................................................... 244
w w w
Chapter w 13: w Gene Mutations, Transposable Elements, and DNA Repair .................................................. 278
w w w w w w
Chapter w 14: w Molecular Genetic Analysis and Biotechnology ....................................................................... 298
w w w w
Chapter w 15: w Genomics and Proteomics ........................................................................................................... 314
w w
Chapter w 16: w Cancer Genetics ............................................................................................................................ 332
w
Chapter 17: Quantitative Genetics .................................................................................................................... 346
w w w
Chapter 18: Population and Evolutionary Genetics ....................................................................................... 366
w w w w w
,Chapter 01: Introduction to Genetics
w w w w
1. Albinism is rare in most human populations, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 20,000
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w people. However, the trait occurs at a frequency of 1 in 200 in certain Hopi villages of Black
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w Mesa in Arizona. Explain in terms of natural selection why albinism is so rare in most
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w human populations.
w
ANSWER: In most populations, there is fairly strong selection against albinism because albinos
w w w w w w w w w w w w
don‘t produce melanin, causing their skin cells not to be protected from the damaging
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
effects of sunlight. Also, the lack of melanin in their eyes causes them to have poor
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
eyesight. Finally, in most cultures albinos are seen as abnormal, and they are not
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
normally sought out for marriage and mating. Therefore, in most populations the alleles
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
that cause albinism are selected against, and they decrease in frequency or are kept at a
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
low level, causing the recessive trait to be rare.
w w w w w w w w w
2. Albinism is rare in most human populations, occurring at a frequency of about 1 in 20,000
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w people. However, the trait occurs at a frequency of 1 in 200 in certain Hopi villages of Black
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w Mesa in Arizona. Explain in terms of natural selection why the trait is so much more common
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
w among the Hopis of Black Mesa.
w w w w w
ANSWER: Albinos occupy a privileged position among the Hopis of Black Mesa. In this
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
culture, albinos are viewed as especially pretty, clean, and intelligent, and they
w w w w w w w w w w w w
often occupy positions of leadership. Albinos are celebrated in the villages as a
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
sign of purity of Hopi blood in the community.
w w w w w w w w w
Furthermore, albinos are often excused from normal male field labor because of their
w w w w w w w w w w w w
sensitivity to sunlight, causing them to be left behind in the village with the women
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
during the daytime. This allows them extra mating opportunities compared to the other
w w w w w w w w w w w w w
men of the village.
w w w w
Therefore, the alleles that cause albinism are either selected for in this culture or at least not
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
selected against as strongly as in other cultures, allowing the trait to occur at a much higher
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
frequency. w
3. Which one of the following pairings between the subdiscipline of genetics and the
w w w w w w w w w w w w
w phenomenon is INCORRECT? w w
a. evolution—population genetics w
b. gene regulation—molecular genetics
w w
c. allelic frequency alteration—population genetics
w w w
d. arrangement of genes on chromosome—transmission genetics
w w w w w
e. chemical nature of the gene—transmission genetics
w w w w w
ANSWER: e w
4. Which one of the following topics of research belongs to the discipline of transmission genetics?
w w w w w w w w w w w w w w
a. inheritance pattern of gene alleles w w w w
b. mechanism of DNA replication w w w
c. gene expression patterns
w w
d. evolution
e. chemical modification of nucleic acids w w w w
ANSWER: a w
5. The complete genetic makeup of an organism is referred to as its
w w w w w w w w w w w
, a. chromosome.
b. alleles.
