5.0 Aquatic & Mosquito Exam 2025. Complete Questions and Answers 100% Correct. Verified Latest Update.

5.0 Aquatic & Mosquito Exam 2025. Complete Questions and Answers 100% Correct. Verified Latest Update. List the roles plants play in a healthy aquatic ecosystem. - CORRECT ANSproducing oxygen -preventing shoreline erosion -lessening excess nutrients during growing season -stabilizing lake bottom -providing food and habitat for fish, waterfowl, and other aquatic animals List ways that excessive plant growth can adversely affect the ecology and uses of a water body. - CORRECT ANSharm ecology of aquatic ecosystem -curtail or prevent recreational water uses (e.g. fishing, boating, swimming) -impart tastes or odors to drinking water -hamper water treatment operations -adversely affect aesthetics, resort trade, and waterfront property values -produce toxins that harm animals drinking the water Describe the general growth habits of, means of dispersal and potential problems caused by: Emergent aquatic plants - CORRECT ANS*growth habits*: rooted in shallow water, most growth above water -*means of dispersal*: underground root systems -*potential problems*: very dense and may exclude recreational pursuits like boating, fishing, and swimming. Purple loosestrife is an example of a problem species. Describe the general growth habits of, means of dispersal and potential problems caused by: Submergent aquatic plants (both pondweeds and plants with whorled leaves) - CORRECT ANS*growth habits*: grow mostly under water surface, pondweeds sometimes have floating leaves in addition to their submerged leaves; whorled-leaf plants grow underwater with whorled leaf attachments -*means of dispersal*: pondweeds have extensive root systems, runners, and can also reproduce from seeds; plants with whorled leaves can disperse when uprooted by breaking free and getting moved by the wind -*potential problems*: most pondweeds not nuisance except for curlyleaf pondweed and sometimes sago pondweed; whorled leaf plants can uproot and break free easily and drift with wind to clutter shoreline; Eurasian watermilfoil is an aggressive non-native that can affect habitat and restrict recreation. Raking is required to remove these clutters. Describe the general growth habits of, means of dispersal and potential problems caused by: Free floating and rooted floating-leaved aquatic plants - CORRECT ANS*growth habits*: occur on water surface and can be free-floating or rooted with large floating leaves -*means of dispersal*: free floating plants are easily windblown. rooted ones not so much -*potential problems*: free-floating plants accumulate on shorelines and are difficult to control in large waterbodies; rooted plants are rarely a nuisance. Describe the general growth habits of, means of dispersal and potential problems caused by: Free floating, filamentous, and "rooted" algae - CORRECT ANS*growth habits*: found free-floating (planktonic) or attached to submerged surfaces (filamentous or "rooted"). -*means of dispersal*: multiply rapidly in warm weather; -*potential problems*: free-floating algae responsible for many nuisance algal blooms (release toxin, low DO, blue-green algae); removing rooted algae can allow worse species to come in so don't mess with them. List the advantages and disadvantages of chemical control of aquatic plants and algae - CORRECT ANS*Advantages*: -offer longer-lasting control than some mechanical methods -less physical labor -ultimately cost less -important tool for specific nuisance plants/algae such as Eurasian watermilfoil and purple loosestrife *Disadvantages*: -restrictions on water use -oxygen depletion and fish kills -sudden nutrient release into water can lead to other plant or algae problems -risk to people and nontarget organisms Describe the beneficial roles of Wisconsin's fish populations. - CORRECT ANSmaintain balanced communities by feeding on aquatic plants, insects, and other fish & provide a food source for natural predators -fishing for food/sport is popular in WI and ddepends on healthy populations -fish farms and hatcheries raise fish for food, feed, fertilizer, bait, and to release List 5 types of situations in which fish control may be warranted - CORRECT ANSeliminating undesirable or competing fish from fish rearing ponds -removing exotic and other undesirable species from a waterbody -thinning stunted fish to bring a population into balance -eliminating fish from a hatchery water supply to prevent a potential reservoir of disease-causing organisms -treating fish spawning sites to prevent overpopulation of an individual species Explain why post-treatment management can be important in the long-term success of a pesticide treatment project. - CORRECT ANSbecause when fish populations are lowered, density-dependent population growth allows the population to rebound if not managed post-treatment Know the Law: Who do you need to get approval from to conduct any chemical treatment for fish control? - CORRECT ANSWI DNR Aquatic Plant Management Program List the 2 main reasons why mosquito control may be warranted. - CORRECT ANSnuisance -disease Describe the 4 stages of the mosquito life cycle, including the main structural features of each - CORRECT ANS*egg*: laid in water, hatch in ~3 days, some laid on dry land and hatch when flooded -*larva*: "wiggler", 4 instars with molting in between each, filterers, air tube to breath from surface -*pupa*: comma shaped, non-feeding, lasts a few days, contain respiratory trumpets, "tumblers" -*adult*: 1 pair wings, elongated probiscis, pair of antennae, males have bushy antennae while females have short and sparse antennae List the types of info you need about a mosquito species before you can develop an effective program to control it. - CORRECT ANSthe types and locations of breeding sites -# of generations per year -host preference of the females (what animals they prefer to get blood from) -seasonal population levels and how rainfall affects them -their flight range -common resting areas -whether the species can transmit pathogens that may be present in your area -whether the mosquitoes carry pathogens that are present in wildlife populations Describe the habits of Aedes triseriatus, Aedes vexans, and Culex pipiens species of mosquitoes. - CORRECT ANS*Aedes triseriatus*: tree-hole mosquito; breeds in old tires, tin cans, barrels, tree holes and stumps; several generations per year; main vector of La Crosse encephalitis -*Aedes vexans*: most common pest species in state from late spring-late fall; "inland floodwater mosquito"; larvae in roadside puddles, woodland pools, temporary pools, and river bottoms; continuous breeding in wet years; survives winter and dry periods in egg stage; adults migrate 15-20 miles or more from breeding sites and can live for 3-4 weeks; eggs dormant for up to 5 years before flooding prompts hatching -*Culex pipiens*: breed in temporary or permanent pools that are high in OM like ditches or sewage lagoons; females lay eggs in rafts and eggs hatch quickly; responsible for St. Louis encephalitis and West Nile Virus. -Both Aedes triseriatus and Culex pipiens breed in "backyard sites" like bird baths, ponds, tree holes, buckets, tires, and rain barrels. List the 3 main mosquito-transmitted diseases that occur in WI and know the mosquito vector for each. - CORRECT ANS*La Crosse Encephalitis*: Aedes triseriatus -*West Nile Virus*: Culex pipiens -*Dog Heartworm*: Aedes vexans Define the word pesticide and explain how the word differs from specific types of pesticides. - CORRECT ANS*Pesticide*: any substance used to directly control pest populations or to prevent or reduce pest damage -'pesticide' is broad and refers to the killing of any pests. insecticide, fungicide, and herbicide are specific. Discuss and explain some of the general characteristics of pesticides. - CORRECT ANS*Mode of Action*: the way a chemical kills or harms target pest; classes of pesticides often have same MOA; switching up MOAs in treating pests reduces pest resistance to pesticide -*Selectivity*: broad vs. narrow-spectrum; broad spectrum kills several different pest types with sufficient dose; narrow spectrum kill only few related pests while not harming others and may control only certain species or life stages. -*Persistence*: how long they remain active to control pests; Residual pesticides control for weeks/months/yrs -*Contact vs. Systemic*: systemic are absorbed and translocated/transported within a plant/animal; contact must directly touch pest or a site that the pest frequents Contrast the difference between organic, inorganic and microbial pesticides. - CORRECT ANS*organic*: most pesticides are this; most are synthetic; extremely effective; specific; principal focus of health/envtl concerns; commonly associated with problems of pesticide use/misuse -*inorganic*: derived from minerals; silica aerogel, boric acid, borates, diatomaceous earth, copper, sulfur; some have been banned for health/envtl concerns; used mainly for plant diseases and algicides; non-specific and less effective than organics -*microbial*: cause disease in pests; Bt products (Bacillus thuringiensis); ag and home gardens; one effective against mosquito larvae; high level of control may be possible; highly specific, harmless to other species Explain the difference between the different types of pesticide names. - CORRECT ANS*Active Ingredient*: the part of product that has pesticide activity -*Trade Names*: name given to commercial formulation of active ingredient; "brand"; sometimes same as common -*Common Names*: active ingredients also have common name; appear on label on same line with or just before chemical name -*Chemical Names*: active ingredient given chemical name; long, hard to pronounce -common and chemical name always refer to specific active ingredient and don't change with brands. Outline the characteristics of the insecticide groups discussed in this chapter. - CORRECT ANS_*Synthetic Organic Insecticides*_: most widely used; 1)_organophosphates_ (widely used, broad spectrum, non-residual, don't accumulate in non-target orgs) 2)_pyrethroids_ (synthetic, low toxicity to mammals, except cats, permethrin, residual activity, effective at lower temps) 3)_neonicotinoids_ (highly active, low toxicity against mammals, interfere w nervous system) -_*Botanicals*_: rotenone, limonene, linalool, pyrethrins and oils (clove and mint); nonpersistent, toxic to humans; not used as much -_*Oils*_: surface films on water prevent larvae from getting oxygen; or reduce surface tension so they drown -_*Insect Growth Regulators (IGRs)*_: synthetic, mimic hormone activity, don't directly kill, apply to breeding areas, methoprene; moderate specificity, minimal risks to nontarget, less insect resistance -_*Microbial Insecticides*_: pathogens, Bacillus thuringiensis israeliensis (Bti) applied to water breeding sites; selective; kills within 12 hours; B. sphaericus has residual control because it reproduces. Describe the events necessary for an herbicide to kill a plant. - CORRECT ANSmust be absorbed into plant, either through leaves, stems, or roots -if needed, must be translocated to sensitive part of plant AND -must block an important process in plant (i.e. PSN) Explain the difference between contact and systemic herbicides. - CORRECT ANS*Contact*: don't move within plant, only kill parts they touch; symptoms occur quickly; herbicide doesn't persist for long in treated water; broad spectrum -*Systemic*: absorbed thru leaves/roots and translocated; flow to growing points of stems/roots, killing perennial weeds; symptoms occur slowly; longer control especially on perennial plants; glyphosate, 2,4-D bispyribac-sodium, etc. Compare the uses of contact and systemic herbicides. - CORRECT ANS*Contact*: control floating/submersed aquatic weeds/algae; often must repeat applications during growing season to maintain control -*Systemic*: more effective against rooted aquatic plants, especially perennials Explain the term "Contact Exposure Time" and it's importance for aquatic weed control. - CORRECT ANSthe amount of time needed to be effective -flowing water can dilute herbicide, reducing amount of pesticide contacting the target plant; this can cause treatment to fail -contact herbicide for flowing water -systemic for stagnant water Describe the types of piscicides used to control fish populations. - CORRECT ANS*Botanicals*: rotenone or cube; toxic chemical; constrict gill capillaries to suffocate fish; rotenone is the only available chemical for non-govtl use -*Lampricide*: sea lamprey; TFM and Bayluscide; can only be bought/used by state/federal employees Define the term "formulation" and describe the function of inert ingredients. - CORRECT ANSformulation is a combo of active and inert ingredients that forms an end-use product -inert ingredients are those added to formulations that have no pesticidal activity -*inert ingredient functions (can be any one of these)*: to dilute; act as a carrier (such as an organic solvent or mineral clay); help it be more effective (stickers and spreaders); or to stabilize, dye, or improve/enhance pesticidal activity; increase storage stability or others. Explain why pesticides are formulated for end use. - CORRECT ANS Summarize the advantages and disadvantages of the types of formulation discussed in this chapter. - CORRECT ANS*Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC)*: Advs: easy to handle, transport, store, pour, and measure; little agitation needed; not abrasive and won't plug screens or nozzles; leaves little visible residue on treated surfaces ... Disadvs: high concentration of active ingredients makes it easy to over/underdose; can damage treated surfaces; easily absorbed by skin; spills hard to clean up; strong odor; corrosive to application equipment; cause pitting/discoloration of painted finishes or treated surfaces; flammable -*Wettable Powders (WP)*: Advs: easy to store, transport, and handle; less likely than EC/petroleum based formulations to harm treated plants, animals, and surfaces; not phytotoxic; less risk of skin/eye absorption ... Disadvs: must be weighed; hard to mix; inhalation risk; good and constant agitation required in spray tank to maintain suspension; abrasive to pumps/nozzles; difficult to mix in very hard or alkaline water; can clog nozzles/screens; residues visible on treated surfaces -*Flowables (F or AF)*: Advs: easy to handle/apply; low exposure risk; usually not phytotoxic; seldom clog nozzles; splashes less likely than other liquids ... Disadvs: need to shake before measuring and mixing; containers difficult to rinse; moderate agitation required; may be abrasive to application equipment; may leave visible residue on treated surfaces -*Ultra-Low Volume (ULV)*: Advs: easy to handle/transport/store; little/no agitation needed; not abrasive to equipment; doesn't plug screens/nozzles; leaves little visible residue on treated surfaces ... Disadvs: high drift hazard from small droplet size; specialized equipment needed; easily absorbed through skin; high inhalation risk; concentrated product; products may cause rubber/plastic hoses, gaskets, and pump parts to deteriorate; calibration and application need to be performed with special care -*Granules (G)*: Advs: pesticide concentration can be maintained at low level with a portion of material being released over an extended period of time; capability of total volume treatments because pesticide will diffuse into water from the granule; useful for controlling larvae of container breeding mosquitoes ... Disadvs: sink to bottom so some of effectiveness lost in bottom sediments; difficult to calibrate equipment and apply granules uniformly because not all the same size -*Pellets (P or PS)*: Advs: very safe for applicator; because all pellets are same weight and shape application is more precise ... Disadvs: can roll on steep slopes and harm nontarget vegetation or contaminate surface water -*Briquets*: slowly dissolves, much larger, can release pesticide for 30-150 days after application ID the health concerns associated with different formulations. - CORRECT ANS*Emulsifiable Concentrates (EC)*: easily absorbed by skin -*Wettable Powders (WP)*: inhalation risk when measuring -*Flowables (F or AF)*: low exposure risk during application -*Ultra-Low Volume (ULV)*: high drift hazard, high dermal and inhalation exposure risk; easily asborbed through skin -*Granules (G)*: not listed -*Pellets (P or PS)*: very safe for applicator -*Briquets*: not described