PHM 532 Exam 1
What is the essential composition of organic compounds?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Glucose is an (organic or inorganic) molecule owing to which atom?
Organic; Carbon (C)
What are carbohydrates?
Organic compounds made of carbon and water
They follow a 1:1 ratio of C:H₂O
What is the general formula of carbohydrates?
General formula: Cₙ H₂ₙ Oₙ
What are monosaccharides?
Single sugar units (e.g., glucose, fructose)
They are the simplest form of carbohydrates
What is the chemical composition of monosaccharides?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen have a ratio of 1:2:1
What are disaccharides?
Made of two sugar units connected by a glycosidic bond (not glyceride)
Examples: sucrose, lactose
What are oligosaccharides?
Contain 3–10 sugar units linked by glycosidic bonds
Often found in plant fibers and prebiotics
What are polysaccharides?
Long chains of sugar units (more than 10), used for energy storage or structure
Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose
Compare homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides.
Homopolysaccharides: Made of identical sugar units linked by glycosidic bonds
Heteropolysaccharides: Made of different sugar units linked by glycosidic bonds
What is a 3-carbon sugar called?
Triose
What is a 4-carbon sugar called?
,Tetrose
What is a 5-carbon sugar called?
Pentose
What is a 6-carbon sugar called?
Hexose
What is a 7-carbon sugar called?
Heptose
Name 3 common hexoses.
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Which term refers to isomerism in sugars?
Connectivity
Which isomers of glucose are biologically active in humans?
Only D-isomers
What is glycogen made of?
A polymer of D-glucose monomers
What bond is associated with lactose intolerance?
Beta-glycosidic bond
What sugars make up lactose?
Glucose and Galactose held together by 𝛽-1,4 glycosidic bonds
What causes feces to become more dilute in lactose intolerance?
Lactose attracts water into the large intestine
What reaction occurs in the large intestine due to undigested lactose?
Fermentation
What are the fermentation products of lactose?
Fatty acids, acetic acid, and lactic acid
What causes GI cramping and irritation in lactose intolerance?
Lactose that is not broken down goes straight through the large intestines where
bacteria there ferment it, leading to a build up of gas, causing flatulence. This also
draws water to the colon which leads to diarrhea.
What do glycogen and starch have in common?
Both have alpha-glycosidic bonds
, What is the difference between starch and glycogen?
Starch: Plant storage, more amylopectin + amylose
Glycogen: Animal storage
What is amylopectin?
Branched, non-linear glucose polymer
What is amylose?
Unbranched, linear glucose polymer
What are GAGs made of?
Repeating disaccharide units of uronic acid and amino sugar
What forms aggrecan in GAGs?
Multiple proteoglycans linked to hyaluronic acid backbone
Why do GAGs play a critical role in joint structure?
GAGs are unbranched heteropolysaccharides that provide structural support and
hydration due to their carbohydrate chemistry
What is the function of proteoglycans in the human body?
Bind water to form gel-like matrix
What does a blood sugar level of 89 mg/dL indicate?
D-glucose concentration
What is the normal fasting blood sugar range?
70-100 mg/Dl
What is the pre-diabetic fasting range?
100-125 mg/dL
What is considered hypoglycemia?
Below 70 mg/dL
What is considered hyperglycemia?
Over 200 mg/dL
Name three monosaccharides.
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Name four disaccharides.
Maltose, Isomaltose, Sucrose, Lactose
Name three polysaccharides
Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose
What is the essential composition of organic compounds?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen
Glucose is an (organic or inorganic) molecule owing to which atom?
Organic; Carbon (C)
What are carbohydrates?
Organic compounds made of carbon and water
They follow a 1:1 ratio of C:H₂O
What is the general formula of carbohydrates?
General formula: Cₙ H₂ₙ Oₙ
What are monosaccharides?
Single sugar units (e.g., glucose, fructose)
They are the simplest form of carbohydrates
What is the chemical composition of monosaccharides?
Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen have a ratio of 1:2:1
What are disaccharides?
Made of two sugar units connected by a glycosidic bond (not glyceride)
Examples: sucrose, lactose
What are oligosaccharides?
Contain 3–10 sugar units linked by glycosidic bonds
Often found in plant fibers and prebiotics
What are polysaccharides?
Long chains of sugar units (more than 10), used for energy storage or structure
Examples: starch, glycogen, cellulose
Compare homopolysaccharides and heteropolysaccharides.
Homopolysaccharides: Made of identical sugar units linked by glycosidic bonds
Heteropolysaccharides: Made of different sugar units linked by glycosidic bonds
What is a 3-carbon sugar called?
Triose
What is a 4-carbon sugar called?
,Tetrose
What is a 5-carbon sugar called?
Pentose
What is a 6-carbon sugar called?
Hexose
What is a 7-carbon sugar called?
Heptose
Name 3 common hexoses.
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Which term refers to isomerism in sugars?
Connectivity
Which isomers of glucose are biologically active in humans?
Only D-isomers
What is glycogen made of?
A polymer of D-glucose monomers
What bond is associated with lactose intolerance?
Beta-glycosidic bond
What sugars make up lactose?
Glucose and Galactose held together by 𝛽-1,4 glycosidic bonds
What causes feces to become more dilute in lactose intolerance?
Lactose attracts water into the large intestine
What reaction occurs in the large intestine due to undigested lactose?
Fermentation
What are the fermentation products of lactose?
Fatty acids, acetic acid, and lactic acid
What causes GI cramping and irritation in lactose intolerance?
Lactose that is not broken down goes straight through the large intestines where
bacteria there ferment it, leading to a build up of gas, causing flatulence. This also
draws water to the colon which leads to diarrhea.
What do glycogen and starch have in common?
Both have alpha-glycosidic bonds
, What is the difference between starch and glycogen?
Starch: Plant storage, more amylopectin + amylose
Glycogen: Animal storage
What is amylopectin?
Branched, non-linear glucose polymer
What is amylose?
Unbranched, linear glucose polymer
What are GAGs made of?
Repeating disaccharide units of uronic acid and amino sugar
What forms aggrecan in GAGs?
Multiple proteoglycans linked to hyaluronic acid backbone
Why do GAGs play a critical role in joint structure?
GAGs are unbranched heteropolysaccharides that provide structural support and
hydration due to their carbohydrate chemistry
What is the function of proteoglycans in the human body?
Bind water to form gel-like matrix
What does a blood sugar level of 89 mg/dL indicate?
D-glucose concentration
What is the normal fasting blood sugar range?
70-100 mg/Dl
What is the pre-diabetic fasting range?
100-125 mg/dL
What is considered hypoglycemia?
Below 70 mg/dL
What is considered hyperglycemia?
Over 200 mg/dL
Name three monosaccharides.
Glucose, Fructose, Galactose
Name four disaccharides.
Maltose, Isomaltose, Sucrose, Lactose
Name three polysaccharides
Glycogen, Starch, Cellulose
