NSG 120 MIDTERM COMPLETE EXAM 2025

NSG 120 MIDTERM COMPLETE EXAM 2025 What is the primary cause of malnutrition? - -decrease in protein energy Risk factors for obesity - -excess calorie I&O, sedentary lifestyle, poverty, culture, genetics and age, gender (mostly female), smoking cessation, Cushing's disease (which is secondary disorder that causes obesity Atrophy - -decrease in cell size Hypertrophy - -an increase in cell size Hyperplasia - -increase in cell number Metaplasia - -change in the appearance of the cell Dysplasia - -disordered growth of the cell Apoptosis - -programmed cell death Necrosis - -refers to the death of one or more cells or a portion of tissue or organ as a result of irreversible damage and not a programmed cellular event Ischemia - -decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a body part or organ Hypoxia - -Reduced oxygen in tissues Grade I - -well differentiated Grade II - -moderately differentiated Grade III - -poorly differentiated Innate immune response - -rapid, nonspecific, not always effective Adaptive immune response - -Specific, primed, memory, slow. 3rd line of defense- B & T cells, moral immunity, cell-mediated immunity 2 major categories of adaptive immunity - -B lymphocyte immunity (humoral) T lymphocyte immunity (cell mediated) Nursing Nursing Nursing The primary immune response involved antibodies which are produced by - -B cells Resident flora - -microorganisms that normally reside on the skin, mucous membranes, and inside the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts metabolic syndrome - -A syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Anorexia Nervosa - -self-imposed starvation Bulimia - -Binging and purging Purging - -Includes self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, inappropriate diuretic use, and excessive exercising Adipocytes - -proteins synthesized and secreted by adipose cells What does polypharmacy mean - -5 or more medications (older adults) Treatment goals for elderly - -quality of life and functional independence, rather than cure Decreased cardiac reserve due to (older adults) - -atherosclerosis Costal cartilage becomes - -calcified Weakened reflex increases susceptibility to pneumonia - -cough Cardinal signs of inflammation - -redness, swelling, heat, pain, loss of function Transmission of Infectious Agents - -Direct contact, vector borne, indirect contact, inhalation, ingestion, aerosol Portals of entry - -mucous membranes, skin, parenteral route Prevalence - -number of active ongoing cases of infection at any given point Opportunistic infection - -caused by a microorganism that flourishes because of a host's deficient immune system Nosocomial infection - -hospital acquired infection Nursing Prions are protein-like molecules that cause deformation of proteins within the central nervous system. Their mode of action is not well understood. Prions are transmitted by ingestion of undercooked meat contaminated with prions or by organ donation from an infected donor. - -mode of action Macule - -flat, circumscribed Papule - -small (.5cm in diameter), raised, well-defined lesion Vesicle - -thin wall, raised, fluid-filled Ulcer - -cavity in tissue Nodule - -firm, raised, deep Pustule - -raised, filled with exudate Plaque - -slightly elevated, flat, "scale"-like lesion What is the most common form of skin cancer? - -basal cell carcinoma (bcc) Squamous cell carcinoma (scc) - -malignant tumor of the squamous epithelium What is the most lethal, rapidly progressive, and metastatic form of skin cancer? - malignant melanoma Approximately __ of melanomas occur in a nevus (mole) - -30% ABCDEs of melanoma - -asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolution Decubitus ulcer - -bed sore Affect all 3 layers of the skin - -bed sores Psoriasis - -Lesions are dry, raised, red skin patches (plaques) covered with silvery scales that usually appear on elbows, knees, lower back and scalp Acute Uritcaria - -Hives: A skin reaction that is commonly caused by allergy or Type I sensitivity (immediate allergic response) Type I hypersensitivity - -anaphylaxis Type II hypersensitivity - -Reaction results in the production of antibodies to fight cellular antigens Nursing Nursing Nursing Type III hypersensitivity - -An abnormal immune response where antigen-antibody complex aggregates called "immune complexes". These aggregates can occur in various tissues such as the skin in systemic lupus erythematosus Type IV hypersensitivity reaction - -A cell-mediated reaction that can occur in response to direct contact such as in contact dermatitis. Also TB skin test Cellulitis bacteria - -staphylococcus aureus Occurs in the lower trunk and legs - -cellulitis Paronychia - -diseased state around the nail What bacteria causes paronychia - -staphylococcus aureus The two most common parasitic insects to infect humans - -scabies and pediculosis Herpes zoster (shingles) - -a disease that involves a painful, blistering rash accompanied by headache, fever, and a general feeling of unwellness Dermatophytes (tinea) - -a chronic superficial fungal infection of the skin. Superficial burns - -first degree, damage only the epidermal layer Superficial partial-thickness burn - -second degree, involve the dermis and epidermis Deep partial-thickness burn - -extends from the epidermis through the papillary and reticular layers of the dermis Nerve endings are damaged (more discomfort) Full thickness burn - -a burn in which all the layers of the skin are damaged. There are usually areas that are charred black or areas that are dry and white. Also called a third degree burn. Rule of nines - -the body is divided into regions that present 9% or multiples of nine, with the exception of the perineum, which is 1% bsa Never use ___ on a large burn: it causes blood vessel constriction, hypothermia, and worsens tissue damage - -ice The focus of care in burns - -airway, breathing, circulation, disability, exposure, and fluid restriction Fluid loss in burns can lead to - -hypovolemic shock Albinism - -Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes Nursing Vitiligo - -localized loss of skin pigmentation characterized by milk-white patches Refractive errors - -hyperopia, myopia, astigmatism, presbyopia Hyperopia - -farsightedness Myopia - -nearsightedness Astigmatism - -defective curvature of the cornea or lens of the eye Presbyopia - -farsightedness caused by loss of elasticity of the lens of the eye, occurring typically in middle and old age. Strabismus - -crossed eyes Nysagmus - -involuntary abnormal movement of one or both eyes Diplopia - -double vision Stye - -small purulent infection of sebaceous gland of eye treated with hot compresses and surgical incision; also called hordeolum Result of increased IOP caused by excessive accumulation of aqueous humor - glaucoma Acute or narrow-angle glaucoma - -the angle between cornea and iris decreases Chronic or open-angle glaucoma - -thickening of trabecular network Macular degeneration - -Central vision becomes blurred, then lost Common cause of visual loss in older adults - -macular degeneration Cataracts - -clouding of the lens Changes in the retina caused by alterations of the retinal blood vessels High blood glucose levels cause endothelial injury in the retinal blood vessels Makes the blood vessel walls susceptible to ar