2025 NATIONAL COUNSELOR EXAM | 243
QUESTIONS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS!!
Convergent Validation Answer - Refers to times when there is a high
correlation between the concept the test is meant to study and OTHER
constructs.
Bergan's Behavioral Model of Consultation - Four Stages: Answer - - Problem
identification
- Problem analysis
- Plan implementation
- Problem evaluation
Consultation is used when counselors would like to function more effectively in
individual, group, or community settings. Bergen's model uses a BEHAVIORAL
APPROACH that emphasizes the verbal interactions during consultation.
Bergan's model also focuses on problem behaviors, their antecedents, and
their consequences.
Descriptive statistics Answer - Aims to describe collected data and includes:
- means
- percentages
- standard deviations
- frequency counts.
,Analysis of variance Answer - A type of inferential data used to measure the
PROBABILITY of an EVENT occurring in the POPULATION.
Five Stages of the Racial/Cultural Identity Developmental Model? Answer - -
Conformity
- Dissonance
- Desistance & Immersion
- Introspection
- Integrative awareness.
Integrative awareness occurs when the individual can appreciate aspects of
both the dominant and minority cultures.
Four levels of measurement: Answer - Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio.
Nonparametric statistical measures Answer - Often used with DESCRIPTIVE
DATA and should be used with NOMINAL DATA (numbers that represent a
category or quality). Ex: chi-square
The typical range for the STANDARD DEVIATION when calculating a Z-SCORE
Answer - The range for standard deviation of a z-score is -3.0 to 3.0.
For a z-score, the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1.0. When the raw
score is below the mean, the z-score is negative, and when the raw score is
above the mean, the z-score is positive.
Why might the t-test be used? Answer - To determine whether the mean
scores of two groups are significantly different from each other
,This test compares the t value from the first calculation to the t value in the
second calculation to find whether the mean scores of the two groups are
significantly different from each other.
Coefficient of nondetermination Answer - The coefficient of
NONdetermination is the unique variance.
To find the coefficient of nondetermination, first find the coefficient of
determination by squaring the correlation (.80 x .80 = .64, or 64%).
Then subtract this from 100% to find the coefficient of NONdetermination
(100% - 64% = 36%).
Standardized scores Answer - Standardized scores are helpful when comparing
several different test scores for the same person, as direct comparisons
between different tests are impossible.
Standardizing scores allows for continuity and an equality of units.
The two most common standardized scores are z-scores and T-scores, both of
which are conversions of raw score distributions.
Standardized scores express the person's distance from the MEAN, NOT the
median, in terms of the standard deviation from that standard score
distribution.
Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric statistic) Answer - - Used when the
researcher has MORE THAN TWO MEAN SCORES on a SINGLE VARIABLE also
known as a nonparametric one-way analysis of variance.
, - Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the
distribution of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance of the
test sample represents the variance within the general population.
Nonparametric statistical measures Answer - - Mann-Whitney U test
- Wilcoxen signed-rank test
- Kruskal-Wallis test
Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the distribution
of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance of the test sample
represents the variance within the general population.
Four steps in the Planning of a Counseling Program Answer - Conceptualization
-> Development -> Implementation ->Evaluation
It is important to take orderly and careful steps to ensure that the program is
thoughtfully executed. Essential steps in program planning, in order, are
conceptualization, which includes examining broader systems and assessment
needs; development of goals and objectives of the program; implementation;
and evaluation of the program, including whether goals and objectives were
met.
When you would use a nonparametric test? Answer - When it is uncertain
whether the distribution of scores falls along a normal curve OR whether the
variance of the test sample represents the variance within the general
population.
Nonparametric statistics are typically used with NOMINAL DATA, when
numbers represent a variable's qualities, and ordinal data, when categories
have a definitive order.
QUESTIONS | WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS!!
Convergent Validation Answer - Refers to times when there is a high
correlation between the concept the test is meant to study and OTHER
constructs.
Bergan's Behavioral Model of Consultation - Four Stages: Answer - - Problem
identification
- Problem analysis
- Plan implementation
- Problem evaluation
Consultation is used when counselors would like to function more effectively in
individual, group, or community settings. Bergen's model uses a BEHAVIORAL
APPROACH that emphasizes the verbal interactions during consultation.
Bergan's model also focuses on problem behaviors, their antecedents, and
their consequences.
Descriptive statistics Answer - Aims to describe collected data and includes:
- means
- percentages
- standard deviations
- frequency counts.
,Analysis of variance Answer - A type of inferential data used to measure the
PROBABILITY of an EVENT occurring in the POPULATION.
Five Stages of the Racial/Cultural Identity Developmental Model? Answer - -
Conformity
- Dissonance
- Desistance & Immersion
- Introspection
- Integrative awareness.
Integrative awareness occurs when the individual can appreciate aspects of
both the dominant and minority cultures.
Four levels of measurement: Answer - Nominal, Ordinal, Interval, and Ratio.
Nonparametric statistical measures Answer - Often used with DESCRIPTIVE
DATA and should be used with NOMINAL DATA (numbers that represent a
category or quality). Ex: chi-square
The typical range for the STANDARD DEVIATION when calculating a Z-SCORE
Answer - The range for standard deviation of a z-score is -3.0 to 3.0.
For a z-score, the mean is 0 and the standard deviation is 1.0. When the raw
score is below the mean, the z-score is negative, and when the raw score is
above the mean, the z-score is positive.
Why might the t-test be used? Answer - To determine whether the mean
scores of two groups are significantly different from each other
,This test compares the t value from the first calculation to the t value in the
second calculation to find whether the mean scores of the two groups are
significantly different from each other.
Coefficient of nondetermination Answer - The coefficient of
NONdetermination is the unique variance.
To find the coefficient of nondetermination, first find the coefficient of
determination by squaring the correlation (.80 x .80 = .64, or 64%).
Then subtract this from 100% to find the coefficient of NONdetermination
(100% - 64% = 36%).
Standardized scores Answer - Standardized scores are helpful when comparing
several different test scores for the same person, as direct comparisons
between different tests are impossible.
Standardizing scores allows for continuity and an equality of units.
The two most common standardized scores are z-scores and T-scores, both of
which are conversions of raw score distributions.
Standardized scores express the person's distance from the MEAN, NOT the
median, in terms of the standard deviation from that standard score
distribution.
Kruskal-Wallis test (nonparametric statistic) Answer - - Used when the
researcher has MORE THAN TWO MEAN SCORES on a SINGLE VARIABLE also
known as a nonparametric one-way analysis of variance.
, - Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the
distribution of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance of the
test sample represents the variance within the general population.
Nonparametric statistical measures Answer - - Mann-Whitney U test
- Wilcoxen signed-rank test
- Kruskal-Wallis test
Nonparametric statistics are used when it is uncertain whether the distribution
of scores falls along a normal curve or whether the variance of the test sample
represents the variance within the general population.
Four steps in the Planning of a Counseling Program Answer - Conceptualization
-> Development -> Implementation ->Evaluation
It is important to take orderly and careful steps to ensure that the program is
thoughtfully executed. Essential steps in program planning, in order, are
conceptualization, which includes examining broader systems and assessment
needs; development of goals and objectives of the program; implementation;
and evaluation of the program, including whether goals and objectives were
met.
When you would use a nonparametric test? Answer - When it is uncertain
whether the distribution of scores falls along a normal curve OR whether the
variance of the test sample represents the variance within the general
population.
Nonparametric statistics are typically used with NOMINAL DATA, when
numbers represent a variable's qualities, and ordinal data, when categories
have a definitive order.
