Unit 1 & 2 Knowledge Check
Principles of Pediatric Nursing
Family-Centered Care:
Enabling: Health care professionals enable families by providing opportunities and support to display
their abilities and acquire new ones to meet the needs of the child.
Empowerment: Empowerment is the interaction of professionals with families in such a way that
families maintain or acquire a sense of control and confidence in their abilities.
An approach to healthcare that is respectful of and responsive to individual families’ needs, values,
and preferences.
Supporting families by fostering their ability to care for their children through knowledge,
encouragement, and access to resources.
Helping families gain confidence and control in making decisions about their child's care.
Atraumatic care principles: A philosophy of care that minimizes or eliminates physical and emotional
distress psychological distress for children and families. Atraumatic care aims to reduce the negative
impact of healthcare by fostering supportive care environments.
1. Minimize separation from family.
2. Promote a sense of control.
3. Prevent or minimize bodily injury and pain, physical stressors.
Actively supporting the rights and needs of pediatric patients and their families.
Advocacy:
Nurses advocate by ensuring the child and family's needs are met, speaking up for their best interests,
and assisting them in making informed decisions.
0–2 years Learns through reflexes and manipulation; object permanence develops
2–7 years Egocentric thinking; magical beliefs and symbolic play
7–11 years Logical thinking, understands conservation and cause/effect
12+ years Abstract and hypothetical reasoning, problem solving
Developmental Milestones
, Newborn/Infant (0–12 months)
Physical: Rapid growth, doubles birth weight by 6 months, triples by 12 months.
Motor:
Fine: Grasps object with hand by 5 months, transfers between hands by 7 months.
Gross: Rolls over by 4-6 months, sits without support by 6-8 months, crawls by 9 months.
Language: Coos by 6 weeks, babbles by 6 months, says basic words (mama, dada) by 12 months.
Reflexes:
Rooting: Turns head toward stimulus when cheek is stroked.
Sucking: Sucks when roof of mouth is touched.
Palmar/plantar grasp: Grasps object placed in palm or foot.
Moro: Startle reflex with extension of arms/legs.
Babinski: Toes fan out when sole is stroked (normal until ~12 months).
Key Anticipatory Guidance: Safe sleep (back to sleep), immunizations, feeding guidance, bonding,
injury prevention (choking, falls).
Toddler (1–3 years)
Physical: Slower growth, pot-bellied appearance, improved coordination.
Motor:
Gross: Walks independently by 15 months, runs by 2 years.
Fine: Builds tower of 2-4 blocks, feeds self with spoon.
Language: Vocabulary of ~300 words by age 2, uses 2-3 word phrases.
Behavior:
Temper tantrums: Common due to limited coping and expression skills.
Key Anticipatory Guidance: Discipline with consistency, toilet training, injury prevention, sleep
routines, nutrition.
Preschooler (3–6 years)
Physical: Growth slows, becomes more lean and muscular.
Principles of Pediatric Nursing
Family-Centered Care:
Enabling: Health care professionals enable families by providing opportunities and support to display
their abilities and acquire new ones to meet the needs of the child.
Empowerment: Empowerment is the interaction of professionals with families in such a way that
families maintain or acquire a sense of control and confidence in their abilities.
An approach to healthcare that is respectful of and responsive to individual families’ needs, values,
and preferences.
Supporting families by fostering their ability to care for their children through knowledge,
encouragement, and access to resources.
Helping families gain confidence and control in making decisions about their child's care.
Atraumatic care principles: A philosophy of care that minimizes or eliminates physical and emotional
distress psychological distress for children and families. Atraumatic care aims to reduce the negative
impact of healthcare by fostering supportive care environments.
1. Minimize separation from family.
2. Promote a sense of control.
3. Prevent or minimize bodily injury and pain, physical stressors.
Actively supporting the rights and needs of pediatric patients and their families.
Advocacy:
Nurses advocate by ensuring the child and family's needs are met, speaking up for their best interests,
and assisting them in making informed decisions.
0–2 years Learns through reflexes and manipulation; object permanence develops
2–7 years Egocentric thinking; magical beliefs and symbolic play
7–11 years Logical thinking, understands conservation and cause/effect
12+ years Abstract and hypothetical reasoning, problem solving
Developmental Milestones
, Newborn/Infant (0–12 months)
Physical: Rapid growth, doubles birth weight by 6 months, triples by 12 months.
Motor:
Fine: Grasps object with hand by 5 months, transfers between hands by 7 months.
Gross: Rolls over by 4-6 months, sits without support by 6-8 months, crawls by 9 months.
Language: Coos by 6 weeks, babbles by 6 months, says basic words (mama, dada) by 12 months.
Reflexes:
Rooting: Turns head toward stimulus when cheek is stroked.
Sucking: Sucks when roof of mouth is touched.
Palmar/plantar grasp: Grasps object placed in palm or foot.
Moro: Startle reflex with extension of arms/legs.
Babinski: Toes fan out when sole is stroked (normal until ~12 months).
Key Anticipatory Guidance: Safe sleep (back to sleep), immunizations, feeding guidance, bonding,
injury prevention (choking, falls).
Toddler (1–3 years)
Physical: Slower growth, pot-bellied appearance, improved coordination.
Motor:
Gross: Walks independently by 15 months, runs by 2 years.
Fine: Builds tower of 2-4 blocks, feeds self with spoon.
Language: Vocabulary of ~300 words by age 2, uses 2-3 word phrases.
Behavior:
Temper tantrums: Common due to limited coping and expression skills.
Key Anticipatory Guidance: Discipline with consistency, toilet training, injury prevention, sleep
routines, nutrition.
Preschooler (3–6 years)
Physical: Growth slows, becomes more lean and muscular.
