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NUR 210 Exam 1 Study Guide
Principles of Pharmacology - Galen
100% Guarantee passing score
NUR 210 PHARMACOLOGY
Exam 1 Unit 1-3
Unit 1 (chp 1, 3, 7, 9, 10)
Unit 2 (Chp 18, 24, 25)
Unit 3 (Chp 17, 19, 22, 23)
Unit 1
- Nursing Process -
ADPIE
o Concept
o Assessment
o Patient problems (diagnosis)
o Planning
o Nursing interventions
o Evaluation
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, & Pharmacogenetics
- Pharmacokinetics
o What the body does to the drug
o Kinetics = movement
o Movement throughout body to drug
o Drug Phases: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
o Absorption
▪ Happens in small intestine
▪ Disintegration
Breakdown of oral drug to small particles
, ▪ Dissolution
Process of combining small drug particles with liquid to form a
solution
▪ Drug absorption
Drug movement from GI tract to bloodstream
▪ Factors affecting:
Fillers in pill can effect how fast/slow gets absorbed
Enteric coating = extended release to be absorbed slower
What else is in stomach will effect absorption
● **CANT TAKE ANYTHING WITH ANTACID
● NO ALCOHOL OR GRAPEFRUIT
▪ Route of administration
● Order: IV, IM, Subcutaneous, Oral, Topical
▪ First-pass effect
● Only occurs in oral medications
● When drugs are absorbed in small intestine then go through portal
vein to liver
● Lose part of medication as it goes through process
● Active or free drug – medication that is still working
● Inactive drugs – you lose it through this process
● Never have 100% of medication when taking ORAL medication
due to this effect because it travels through GI tract
▪ Bioavailability
● Percentage left of medication
● Oral will never be 100% due to first-pass metabolism
o Other routes always 100%
● Drug form (extended release vs immediate)
● Depends on route of administration/absorption
● Gastric mucosa and motility
● Administration with food and other drugs
● Changes in liver metabolism
o Distribution
▪ Mainly blood stream
▪ Movement of drug from circulation to body tissue
▪ Drug should be easily distributed if good perfusion
▪ **PROTEIN BINDING
● Protein in body is albumin
● Depends on how nourished you are
● Some drugs that are protein binding drugs
o Once it binds to protein it becomes inactive
o If low albumin at risk for drug toxicity
o Concern for pediatric and geriatric
● If you give multiple protein binding drugs at once there is not
enough protein, one drug may be less effective, one drug may be
, too effective
● Protein binding drugs bind to protein and the rest circulates to
body to do job of medication
o Metabolism (biotransformation)
▪ Occurs in liver
▪ Process of body chemically changing drug into a form to be excreted
▪ **Half-life (t ½)
● The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced
by half
● How long it takes to excrete 50% of drug
● Every drug has a different half life
● If the half-life is long and takes a long time to get to therapeutic
level give loading dose
▪ Loading dose
● Usually double dose for the first one then regular dose
● Gets to therapeutic range quicker
o Excretion (elimination)
▪ Mainly occurs in kidneys
● Can also excrete in other ways (not as much)
▪ Excrete free drugs left over
▪ Body can only absorb so much the rest gets excreted
▪ Should not be excreting protein therefore you should not be excreting the
drugs that bind to protein
▪ Kidney function: Creatinine, BUN, GFR (Glomerular filtration rate)
● Creatinine is most sensitive test
- Pharmacodynamics
o What the drug does to the body
o Primary effect
▪ Desirable response
● What you want to happen
o Secondary effect
▪ Desirable or undesirable
▪ What it is not intended for
▪ Example: Viagra – not originally intended for that use
o Therapeutic index
▪ ED 50 = Effective dose (on 50% of population)
● Dose that gives therapeutic desired response in 50% of population
▪ TD 50 = Toxic effect (on 50% of population)
● Toxic response in 50% of population
▪ Therapeutic index
, ● In between ED50 and TD50
▪ Therapeutic drug monitoring
● Peak = when drug reaches highest concentration in your body
o **Oral medication 2-3 hours after is peak
o **IV 30-60 minutes to reach peak
o You would draw labs at this time to check peak level
●
Trough = lowest plasma concentration in blood (how much is left)
o **Doesn’t matter what route of administration
o **Draw lab right before you give dose
o If trough is too high body is not absorbing/excreting
like it should
▪ Becomes toxic
o If trough is too low, antibiotic is not doing what it should,
dose needs to be increased
▪ Drug toxicity
● Drug level exceeds therapeutic range
o Onset
▪ Time it takes for drug to reach minimum effective concentration
o Duration
▪ How long a drug exerts a therapeutic effect
o Receptor theory
▪ Drug binds to receptor to do what it needs to do
● Ex. Attach to pain receptor to relieve pain
● To either activate receptor or block receptor depending on
desired effect/medication
▪ Agonist
● Activates receptors
● Produce desired response
● Continue to agonize = do what you want
▪ Antagonist
● Precent receptor activation
● Block response or produce a desired response
● Ex. Narcan for overdose of morphine
o Side effect
▪ Secondary drug effect
▪ Usually get better with continued use
▪ Expected effects
o Adverse reactions
NUR 210 Exam 1 Study Guide
Principles of Pharmacology - Galen
100% Guarantee passing score
NUR 210 PHARMACOLOGY
Exam 1 Unit 1-3
Unit 1 (chp 1, 3, 7, 9, 10)
Unit 2 (Chp 18, 24, 25)
Unit 3 (Chp 17, 19, 22, 23)
Unit 1
- Nursing Process -
ADPIE
o Concept
o Assessment
o Patient problems (diagnosis)
o Planning
o Nursing interventions
o Evaluation
Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, & Pharmacogenetics
- Pharmacokinetics
o What the body does to the drug
o Kinetics = movement
o Movement throughout body to drug
o Drug Phases: Absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion
o Absorption
▪ Happens in small intestine
▪ Disintegration
Breakdown of oral drug to small particles
, ▪ Dissolution
Process of combining small drug particles with liquid to form a
solution
▪ Drug absorption
Drug movement from GI tract to bloodstream
▪ Factors affecting:
Fillers in pill can effect how fast/slow gets absorbed
Enteric coating = extended release to be absorbed slower
What else is in stomach will effect absorption
● **CANT TAKE ANYTHING WITH ANTACID
● NO ALCOHOL OR GRAPEFRUIT
▪ Route of administration
● Order: IV, IM, Subcutaneous, Oral, Topical
▪ First-pass effect
● Only occurs in oral medications
● When drugs are absorbed in small intestine then go through portal
vein to liver
● Lose part of medication as it goes through process
● Active or free drug – medication that is still working
● Inactive drugs – you lose it through this process
● Never have 100% of medication when taking ORAL medication
due to this effect because it travels through GI tract
▪ Bioavailability
● Percentage left of medication
● Oral will never be 100% due to first-pass metabolism
o Other routes always 100%
● Drug form (extended release vs immediate)
● Depends on route of administration/absorption
● Gastric mucosa and motility
● Administration with food and other drugs
● Changes in liver metabolism
o Distribution
▪ Mainly blood stream
▪ Movement of drug from circulation to body tissue
▪ Drug should be easily distributed if good perfusion
▪ **PROTEIN BINDING
● Protein in body is albumin
● Depends on how nourished you are
● Some drugs that are protein binding drugs
o Once it binds to protein it becomes inactive
o If low albumin at risk for drug toxicity
o Concern for pediatric and geriatric
● If you give multiple protein binding drugs at once there is not
enough protein, one drug may be less effective, one drug may be
, too effective
● Protein binding drugs bind to protein and the rest circulates to
body to do job of medication
o Metabolism (biotransformation)
▪ Occurs in liver
▪ Process of body chemically changing drug into a form to be excreted
▪ **Half-life (t ½)
● The time it takes for the amount of drug in the body to be reduced
by half
● How long it takes to excrete 50% of drug
● Every drug has a different half life
● If the half-life is long and takes a long time to get to therapeutic
level give loading dose
▪ Loading dose
● Usually double dose for the first one then regular dose
● Gets to therapeutic range quicker
o Excretion (elimination)
▪ Mainly occurs in kidneys
● Can also excrete in other ways (not as much)
▪ Excrete free drugs left over
▪ Body can only absorb so much the rest gets excreted
▪ Should not be excreting protein therefore you should not be excreting the
drugs that bind to protein
▪ Kidney function: Creatinine, BUN, GFR (Glomerular filtration rate)
● Creatinine is most sensitive test
- Pharmacodynamics
o What the drug does to the body
o Primary effect
▪ Desirable response
● What you want to happen
o Secondary effect
▪ Desirable or undesirable
▪ What it is not intended for
▪ Example: Viagra – not originally intended for that use
o Therapeutic index
▪ ED 50 = Effective dose (on 50% of population)
● Dose that gives therapeutic desired response in 50% of population
▪ TD 50 = Toxic effect (on 50% of population)
● Toxic response in 50% of population
▪ Therapeutic index
, ● In between ED50 and TD50
▪ Therapeutic drug monitoring
● Peak = when drug reaches highest concentration in your body
o **Oral medication 2-3 hours after is peak
o **IV 30-60 minutes to reach peak
o You would draw labs at this time to check peak level
●
Trough = lowest plasma concentration in blood (how much is left)
o **Doesn’t matter what route of administration
o **Draw lab right before you give dose
o If trough is too high body is not absorbing/excreting
like it should
▪ Becomes toxic
o If trough is too low, antibiotic is not doing what it should,
dose needs to be increased
▪ Drug toxicity
● Drug level exceeds therapeutic range
o Onset
▪ Time it takes for drug to reach minimum effective concentration
o Duration
▪ How long a drug exerts a therapeutic effect
o Receptor theory
▪ Drug binds to receptor to do what it needs to do
● Ex. Attach to pain receptor to relieve pain
● To either activate receptor or block receptor depending on
desired effect/medication
▪ Agonist
● Activates receptors
● Produce desired response
● Continue to agonize = do what you want
▪ Antagonist
● Precent receptor activation
● Block response or produce a desired response
● Ex. Narcan for overdose of morphine
o Side effect
▪ Secondary drug effect
▪ Usually get better with continued use
▪ Expected effects
o Adverse reactions
