NSG223 Final Exam 2025-2026 Question
and Correct answer GRADED A+
what is the lymphatic system? - ANSWERSprotects the body from pathogens; effective immune
surveillance
what does the lymphatic system consist of? - ANSWERSlymphoid cells, tissues, spleen, thymus, tonsils,
and lymph nodes
what immunity is the lymphatic system apart of? - ANSWERSinnate immunity
what is innate immunity? - ANSWERSnon-specific immunity; born with it; unable to distinguish types of
threats; involves skin and mucous membranes
what are cells of innate immunity? - ANSWERSneutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, T cells, B cells
what is the complement system? - ANSWERSconsists of a group of proteins that are present in the
circulation that enables the body to localize and destroy infectious pathogens
functions of the complement system include: - ANSWERSenhance inflammatory response, increase
phagocytosis, destroy and clear pathogen from the body
what are mediators of innate immunity? - ANSWERScytokines; interleukins, interferons, and tumor
necrosis factor (TNF)
what are the functions of cytokines? - ANSWERSproduce chemotaxis of leukocytes; inhibiting viral
replication
do cytokines affect both the innate AND adaptive immune systems? - ANSWERSyes
,what are interleukins? - ANSWERScytokines combined by lymphocytes/macrophages that enhance the
capabilities of the immune system
what are actions of interleukins? - ANSWERSstimulate cytotoxic T cell activity against tumor cells;
increase B cell and plasma cell production (antibodies)
what are interferons? - ANSWERScytokines released by lymphocytes/macrophages that have been
infected w/ a virus; unable to protect cell, but communicate to surrounding cells that there's a viral
infection; antiviral proteins
what is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)? - ANSWERSreleased by macrophages and inhibits tumor growth;
causes tumor regression
what are the actions of interferons? - ANSWERSincrease phagocytosis and enhance cytotoxic activity of
T cells
what is the adaptive immune system? - ANSWERSspecific to infections; second line of defense
what are the functions of the adaptive immune system? - ANSWERSrecognition of antigen,
communication and coordination with other defense cells; destruction/suppression of antigen
what are the cells included in the adaptive immune system? - ANSWERSB and T lymphocytes
what where do B lymphocytes mature? - ANSWERSthe bone marrow, then move to peripheral lymphoid
tissue
what are the functions of B lymphocytes? - ANSWERSplasma cells produce antibodies that inactivate
antigen and tag antigen for destruction
where do T lymphocytes mature? - ANSWERSthe thymus, then move to peripheral lymphoid tissue
, what are the functions of T lymphocytes? - ANSWERSproduce cell-mediated immunity; aid in antibody
production
what is humoral immunity? - ANSWERSantibody-mediated immunity
what are the functions of humoral immunity? - ANSWERSB cells divide rapidly during encounter with
pathogen; creates plasma cells that secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) specific to antigen
what is IgG? - ANSWERSmost common; crosses the placenta; protects against pathogens; activates
complement system
what is IgM? - ANSWERSfirst to form; appears in newborns
what is IgE? - ANSWERSinvolved in allergic responses and inflammation
what is vaccination? - ANSWERSthe process of introducing foreign inactivated proteins into the body to
trigger an immune response before exposure to active pathogen; forms memory B cells
what are titers? - ANSWERSmeasures the amount of antibodies (IgG) produced after a vaccine in the
body
what's the difference between positive and negative titers? - ANSWERSpositive titers mean the antibody
level is. high; negative titers mean the antibody level is low
what are some contraindications for the administration of live vaccines? - ANSWERSseverely
immunocompromised; mod-severe illness w/ or w/o fever; pregnant women; history of organ
transplantation
what is the pathophysiology of transplant rejection? - ANSWERSthe pt.'s immune system recognizes the
organ donor's antigens as non-self and initiates immune response
what is the type of immunity plays a major role in organ rejection? - ANSWERSadaptive immunity
and Correct answer GRADED A+
what is the lymphatic system? - ANSWERSprotects the body from pathogens; effective immune
surveillance
what does the lymphatic system consist of? - ANSWERSlymphoid cells, tissues, spleen, thymus, tonsils,
and lymph nodes
what immunity is the lymphatic system apart of? - ANSWERSinnate immunity
what is innate immunity? - ANSWERSnon-specific immunity; born with it; unable to distinguish types of
threats; involves skin and mucous membranes
what are cells of innate immunity? - ANSWERSneutrophils, macrophages, NK cells, T cells, B cells
what is the complement system? - ANSWERSconsists of a group of proteins that are present in the
circulation that enables the body to localize and destroy infectious pathogens
functions of the complement system include: - ANSWERSenhance inflammatory response, increase
phagocytosis, destroy and clear pathogen from the body
what are mediators of innate immunity? - ANSWERScytokines; interleukins, interferons, and tumor
necrosis factor (TNF)
what are the functions of cytokines? - ANSWERSproduce chemotaxis of leukocytes; inhibiting viral
replication
do cytokines affect both the innate AND adaptive immune systems? - ANSWERSyes
,what are interleukins? - ANSWERScytokines combined by lymphocytes/macrophages that enhance the
capabilities of the immune system
what are actions of interleukins? - ANSWERSstimulate cytotoxic T cell activity against tumor cells;
increase B cell and plasma cell production (antibodies)
what are interferons? - ANSWERScytokines released by lymphocytes/macrophages that have been
infected w/ a virus; unable to protect cell, but communicate to surrounding cells that there's a viral
infection; antiviral proteins
what is tumor necrosis factor (TNF)? - ANSWERSreleased by macrophages and inhibits tumor growth;
causes tumor regression
what are the actions of interferons? - ANSWERSincrease phagocytosis and enhance cytotoxic activity of
T cells
what is the adaptive immune system? - ANSWERSspecific to infections; second line of defense
what are the functions of the adaptive immune system? - ANSWERSrecognition of antigen,
communication and coordination with other defense cells; destruction/suppression of antigen
what are the cells included in the adaptive immune system? - ANSWERSB and T lymphocytes
what where do B lymphocytes mature? - ANSWERSthe bone marrow, then move to peripheral lymphoid
tissue
what are the functions of B lymphocytes? - ANSWERSplasma cells produce antibodies that inactivate
antigen and tag antigen for destruction
where do T lymphocytes mature? - ANSWERSthe thymus, then move to peripheral lymphoid tissue
, what are the functions of T lymphocytes? - ANSWERSproduce cell-mediated immunity; aid in antibody
production
what is humoral immunity? - ANSWERSantibody-mediated immunity
what are the functions of humoral immunity? - ANSWERSB cells divide rapidly during encounter with
pathogen; creates plasma cells that secrete antibodies (immunoglobulins) specific to antigen
what is IgG? - ANSWERSmost common; crosses the placenta; protects against pathogens; activates
complement system
what is IgM? - ANSWERSfirst to form; appears in newborns
what is IgE? - ANSWERSinvolved in allergic responses and inflammation
what is vaccination? - ANSWERSthe process of introducing foreign inactivated proteins into the body to
trigger an immune response before exposure to active pathogen; forms memory B cells
what are titers? - ANSWERSmeasures the amount of antibodies (IgG) produced after a vaccine in the
body
what's the difference between positive and negative titers? - ANSWERSpositive titers mean the antibody
level is. high; negative titers mean the antibody level is low
what are some contraindications for the administration of live vaccines? - ANSWERSseverely
immunocompromised; mod-severe illness w/ or w/o fever; pregnant women; history of organ
transplantation
what is the pathophysiology of transplant rejection? - ANSWERSthe pt.'s immune system recognizes the
organ donor's antigens as non-self and initiates immune response
what is the type of immunity plays a major role in organ rejection? - ANSWERSadaptive immunity
