BU 288 - Midterm #2 Test Questions and Answers Already Passed Latest Update 2025-2026
Motivation - Answers The extent to which persistent effort is directed toward a goal.
Intrinsic motivation - Answers Motivation that stems from the direct relationship between the
worker and the task; usually self-applied.
Extrinsic motivation - Answers Motivation that stems from the work environment external to the
task; it is usually applied by others.
Self determination theory - Answers A theory of motivation that considers whether people's
motivation is autonomous or controlled.
Autonomous motivation - Answers When people are self-motivated by intrinsic factors.
Controlled motivation - Answers When people are motivated to obtain a desired consequence or
extrinsic reward.
Performance - Answers The extent to which an organizational member contributes to achieving
the objectives of the organization.
General cognitive ability - Answers A person's basic information-processing capacities and
cognitive resources.
Emotional intelligence - Answers The ability to understand and manage one's own and other's
feelings and emotions.
Need theories - Answers Motivation theories that specify the kinds of needs people have and
the conditions under which they will be motivated to satisfy these needs in a way that
contributes to performance.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs - Answers A five-level hierarchical need theory of motivation that
specifies that the lowest-level unsatisfied need has the greatest motivating potential.
ERG theory - Answers A three-level hierarchical need theory of motivation (existence,
relatedness, growth) that allows for movement up and down the hierarchy.
Mcclelland's theory of needs - Answers A nonhierarchical need theory of motivation that
outlines the conditions under which certain needs result in particular patterns of motivation.
Need for achievement - Answers A strong desire to perform challenging tasks well.
Need for affiliation - Answers A strong desire to establish and maintain friendly, compatible
interpersonal relationships.
Need for power - Answers A strong desire to influence others, making a significant impact or
impression.
, Process theories - Answers Motivation theories that specify the details of how motivation
occurs.
Expectancy theory - Answers A process theory that states that motivation is determined by the
outcomes that people expect to occur as a result of their actions on the job.
Instrumentality - Answers The probability that a particular first-level outcome will be followed by
a particular second-level outcome.
Equity theory - Answers A process theory that states that motivation stems from a comparison
of the inputs one invests in a job and the outcomes one receives in comparison with the inputs
and outcomes of another person or group.
Goal setting theory - Answers A process theory that states that goals are motivational when
they are specific, challenging, when organizational members are committed to them, and when
feedback about progress toward goal attainment is provided.
Goal orientation - Answers An individual's goal preferences in achievement situations.
Learning goal orientation - Answers A preference to learn new things and develop competence
in an activity by acquiring new skills and mastering new situations.
Performance-prove goal orientation - Answers A preference to obtain favourable judgments
about the outcome of one's performance.
Performance-avoid goal orientation - Answers A preference to avoid negative judgements about
the outcome of one's performance.
Distal goal - Answers Long-term or end goal.
Proximal goal - Answers Short-term goal or sub goal.
Group - Answers Two or more people interacting interdependently to achieve a common goal.
Formal work groups - Answers Groups that are established by organizations to facilitate the
achievement of organizational goals.
Informal groups - Answers Groups that emerge naturally in response to the common interests
of organizational members.
Punctuated equilibrium model - Answers A model of group development that describes how
groups with deadlines are affected by their first meetings and crucial midpoint transitions.
Additive tasks - Answers Tasks in which group performance is dependent on the sum of the
performance of individual group members.
Disjunctive tasks - Answers Tasks in which group performance is dependent on the
Motivation - Answers The extent to which persistent effort is directed toward a goal.
Intrinsic motivation - Answers Motivation that stems from the direct relationship between the
worker and the task; usually self-applied.
Extrinsic motivation - Answers Motivation that stems from the work environment external to the
task; it is usually applied by others.
Self determination theory - Answers A theory of motivation that considers whether people's
motivation is autonomous or controlled.
Autonomous motivation - Answers When people are self-motivated by intrinsic factors.
Controlled motivation - Answers When people are motivated to obtain a desired consequence or
extrinsic reward.
Performance - Answers The extent to which an organizational member contributes to achieving
the objectives of the organization.
General cognitive ability - Answers A person's basic information-processing capacities and
cognitive resources.
Emotional intelligence - Answers The ability to understand and manage one's own and other's
feelings and emotions.
Need theories - Answers Motivation theories that specify the kinds of needs people have and
the conditions under which they will be motivated to satisfy these needs in a way that
contributes to performance.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs - Answers A five-level hierarchical need theory of motivation that
specifies that the lowest-level unsatisfied need has the greatest motivating potential.
ERG theory - Answers A three-level hierarchical need theory of motivation (existence,
relatedness, growth) that allows for movement up and down the hierarchy.
Mcclelland's theory of needs - Answers A nonhierarchical need theory of motivation that
outlines the conditions under which certain needs result in particular patterns of motivation.
Need for achievement - Answers A strong desire to perform challenging tasks well.
Need for affiliation - Answers A strong desire to establish and maintain friendly, compatible
interpersonal relationships.
Need for power - Answers A strong desire to influence others, making a significant impact or
impression.
, Process theories - Answers Motivation theories that specify the details of how motivation
occurs.
Expectancy theory - Answers A process theory that states that motivation is determined by the
outcomes that people expect to occur as a result of their actions on the job.
Instrumentality - Answers The probability that a particular first-level outcome will be followed by
a particular second-level outcome.
Equity theory - Answers A process theory that states that motivation stems from a comparison
of the inputs one invests in a job and the outcomes one receives in comparison with the inputs
and outcomes of another person or group.
Goal setting theory - Answers A process theory that states that goals are motivational when
they are specific, challenging, when organizational members are committed to them, and when
feedback about progress toward goal attainment is provided.
Goal orientation - Answers An individual's goal preferences in achievement situations.
Learning goal orientation - Answers A preference to learn new things and develop competence
in an activity by acquiring new skills and mastering new situations.
Performance-prove goal orientation - Answers A preference to obtain favourable judgments
about the outcome of one's performance.
Performance-avoid goal orientation - Answers A preference to avoid negative judgements about
the outcome of one's performance.
Distal goal - Answers Long-term or end goal.
Proximal goal - Answers Short-term goal or sub goal.
Group - Answers Two or more people interacting interdependently to achieve a common goal.
Formal work groups - Answers Groups that are established by organizations to facilitate the
achievement of organizational goals.
Informal groups - Answers Groups that emerge naturally in response to the common interests
of organizational members.
Punctuated equilibrium model - Answers A model of group development that describes how
groups with deadlines are affected by their first meetings and crucial midpoint transitions.
Additive tasks - Answers Tasks in which group performance is dependent on the sum of the
performance of individual group members.
Disjunctive tasks - Answers Tasks in which group performance is dependent on the
