NU 372- Medications Latest
Examination And 100% Actual
Answers 2025-2026 Update.
Acetaminophen - Indication, MOA - Answer Acetaminophen is indicated for the treatment of
pain and fever associated with a variety of conditions, including influenza; for the prophylaxis of
children receiving diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus immunizations (aspirin may mask Reye
syndrome in children); and for the relief of musculoskeletal pain associated with arthritis.
Acetaminophen acts directly on the thermoregulatory cells in the hypothalamus to cause
sweating and vasodilation; this in turn causes the release of heat and lowers fever. The
mechanism of action related to the analgesic effects of acetaminophen has not been identified.
Acetaminophen - Side effects - Answer Rash, fever, chest pain, liver toxicity and failure, bone
marrow suppression. Adverse effects associated with acetaminophen use include headache,
hemolytic anemia, renal dysfunction, skin rash, and fever. Hepatotoxicity is a potentially fatal
adverse effect that is usually associated with chronic use and overdose and is related to direct
toxic effects on the liver. The dose that could prove toxic varies with the age of the patient,
other drugs that the patient might be taking, and the underlying hepatic function of that
patient. When overdose occurs, acetylcysteine can be used as an antidote. Life support
measures may also be necessary.
Acetaminophen - Nursing considerations - Answer Acetaminophen causes vasodilation and
heat release, lowering fever and working to relieve pain but does not have anti-inflammatory
effects. Use cautiously in pregnant and breastfeeding women. Embryo-fetal risk is very low.
Many OTC and prescription products contain acetaminophen; be aware of this when calculating
total daily dose. Consider reducing total daily dose and increasing dosing intervals in patients
with hepatic or renal impairment.
Acetaminophen - Education - Answer Tell parents to consult prescriber before giving drug to
children younger than age 2. Advise parents that drug is only for short-term use; urge them to
consult prescriber if giving to infants for longer than 3 days, children for longer than 5 days, or
adults for longer than 10 days. Black Box Warning: Advise patient or caregiver that many OTC
products contain acetaminophen and should be counted when calculating total daily dose. Tell
patient to consult prescriber for fever lasting longer than 3 days or recurrent fever. Alert: Warn
patient that high doses or unsupervised long-term use can cause liver damage. Excessive
alcohol use may increase the risk of liver damage. Caution long-term alcoholics to limit drug to 2
g/day or less. Caution patient to contact health care provider if signs and symptoms of liver
damage (illogical thinking, severe dyspepsia, jaundice, inability to eat, weakness) occur. Alert:
Warn patient to stop drug and seek medical attention immediately if rash or other reactions
occurs while using acetaminophen. Tell breastfeeding patient that drug appears in human milk
, during refractory HF; adjunctive therapy in cardiac surgery; also used to treat cardiogenic shock.
Stimulates heart's beta1 receptors to increase myocardial contractility and stroke volume. At
therapeutic dosages, drug increases cardiac output by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance,
reducing ventricular filling pressure, and facilitating AV node conduction.
Dobutamine - Side effects - Answer CNS: headache. CV: HTN, increased HR, angina, PVCs
(premature ventricular contractions), phlebitis, nonspecific chest pain, palpitations, ventricular
ectopy, hypotension. GI: nausea, vomiting. Respiratory: asthma attack, shortness of breath.
Other: anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity reactions. May decrease potassium level. May decrease
platelet count.
Dobutamine - Nursing considerations - Answer Alert: Because drug increases AV node
conduction, patients with atrial fibrillation may develop a rapid ventricular rate. Continuously
monitor ECG, BP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, cardiac output, and urine output during
therapy. Correct hypovolemia before therapy. Monitor electrolyte levels. Drug may lower
potassium level. There are no adequate well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Use during
pregnancy only if clearly needed and potential benefit justifies potential risk to the fetus. It isn't
known if drug appears in human milk. Use cautiously in breastfeeding women or discontinue
breastfeeding during therapy.
Dobutamine - Education - Answer Tell patient to report all adverse reactions promptly,
especially labored breathing, angina, palpitations, dizziness, and drug-induced headache.
Instruct patient to report discomfort at IV insertion site.
Nitroglycerin - Indication, MOA - Answer Indications: To prevent chronic anginal attacks. Acute
angina pectoris; to prevent or minimize anginal attacks before stressful events. HTN from
surgery, HF after MI, angina pectoris in acute situations; to produce controlled hypotension
during surgery (by IV infusion). Also used in treatment of cardiogenic shock. Moderate to severe
pain from chronic anal fissure. Action: Reduces cardiac oxygen demand by decreasing left
ventricular end-diastolic pressure (preload) and, to a lesser extent, systemic vascular resistance
(afterload). Also increases blood flow through the collateral coronary vessels.
Nitroglycerin - Side effects - Answer CNS: headache, dizziness, syncope, weakness. CV:
orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, flushing, palpitations, peripheral edema. EENT:
pharyngitis, rhinitis, SL burning. GI: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. Respiratory: dyspnea.
Skin: contact dermatitis, rash. Other: hypersensitivity reactions.
Nitroglycerin - Nursing considerations - Answer Closely monitor vital signs, particularly BP,
during infusion, especially in patient with an MI. Excessive hypotension can worsen ischemia.
Monitor BP and intensity and duration of drug response. Drug may cause headaches, especially
Examination And 100% Actual
Answers 2025-2026 Update.
Acetaminophen - Indication, MOA - Answer Acetaminophen is indicated for the treatment of
pain and fever associated with a variety of conditions, including influenza; for the prophylaxis of
children receiving diphtheria-pertussis-tetanus immunizations (aspirin may mask Reye
syndrome in children); and for the relief of musculoskeletal pain associated with arthritis.
Acetaminophen acts directly on the thermoregulatory cells in the hypothalamus to cause
sweating and vasodilation; this in turn causes the release of heat and lowers fever. The
mechanism of action related to the analgesic effects of acetaminophen has not been identified.
Acetaminophen - Side effects - Answer Rash, fever, chest pain, liver toxicity and failure, bone
marrow suppression. Adverse effects associated with acetaminophen use include headache,
hemolytic anemia, renal dysfunction, skin rash, and fever. Hepatotoxicity is a potentially fatal
adverse effect that is usually associated with chronic use and overdose and is related to direct
toxic effects on the liver. The dose that could prove toxic varies with the age of the patient,
other drugs that the patient might be taking, and the underlying hepatic function of that
patient. When overdose occurs, acetylcysteine can be used as an antidote. Life support
measures may also be necessary.
Acetaminophen - Nursing considerations - Answer Acetaminophen causes vasodilation and
heat release, lowering fever and working to relieve pain but does not have anti-inflammatory
effects. Use cautiously in pregnant and breastfeeding women. Embryo-fetal risk is very low.
Many OTC and prescription products contain acetaminophen; be aware of this when calculating
total daily dose. Consider reducing total daily dose and increasing dosing intervals in patients
with hepatic or renal impairment.
Acetaminophen - Education - Answer Tell parents to consult prescriber before giving drug to
children younger than age 2. Advise parents that drug is only for short-term use; urge them to
consult prescriber if giving to infants for longer than 3 days, children for longer than 5 days, or
adults for longer than 10 days. Black Box Warning: Advise patient or caregiver that many OTC
products contain acetaminophen and should be counted when calculating total daily dose. Tell
patient to consult prescriber for fever lasting longer than 3 days or recurrent fever. Alert: Warn
patient that high doses or unsupervised long-term use can cause liver damage. Excessive
alcohol use may increase the risk of liver damage. Caution long-term alcoholics to limit drug to 2
g/day or less. Caution patient to contact health care provider if signs and symptoms of liver
damage (illogical thinking, severe dyspepsia, jaundice, inability to eat, weakness) occur. Alert:
Warn patient to stop drug and seek medical attention immediately if rash or other reactions
occurs while using acetaminophen. Tell breastfeeding patient that drug appears in human milk
, during refractory HF; adjunctive therapy in cardiac surgery; also used to treat cardiogenic shock.
Stimulates heart's beta1 receptors to increase myocardial contractility and stroke volume. At
therapeutic dosages, drug increases cardiac output by decreasing peripheral vascular resistance,
reducing ventricular filling pressure, and facilitating AV node conduction.
Dobutamine - Side effects - Answer CNS: headache. CV: HTN, increased HR, angina, PVCs
(premature ventricular contractions), phlebitis, nonspecific chest pain, palpitations, ventricular
ectopy, hypotension. GI: nausea, vomiting. Respiratory: asthma attack, shortness of breath.
Other: anaphylaxis, hypersensitivity reactions. May decrease potassium level. May decrease
platelet count.
Dobutamine - Nursing considerations - Answer Alert: Because drug increases AV node
conduction, patients with atrial fibrillation may develop a rapid ventricular rate. Continuously
monitor ECG, BP, pulmonary artery wedge pressure, cardiac output, and urine output during
therapy. Correct hypovolemia before therapy. Monitor electrolyte levels. Drug may lower
potassium level. There are no adequate well-controlled studies in pregnant women. Use during
pregnancy only if clearly needed and potential benefit justifies potential risk to the fetus. It isn't
known if drug appears in human milk. Use cautiously in breastfeeding women or discontinue
breastfeeding during therapy.
Dobutamine - Education - Answer Tell patient to report all adverse reactions promptly,
especially labored breathing, angina, palpitations, dizziness, and drug-induced headache.
Instruct patient to report discomfort at IV insertion site.
Nitroglycerin - Indication, MOA - Answer Indications: To prevent chronic anginal attacks. Acute
angina pectoris; to prevent or minimize anginal attacks before stressful events. HTN from
surgery, HF after MI, angina pectoris in acute situations; to produce controlled hypotension
during surgery (by IV infusion). Also used in treatment of cardiogenic shock. Moderate to severe
pain from chronic anal fissure. Action: Reduces cardiac oxygen demand by decreasing left
ventricular end-diastolic pressure (preload) and, to a lesser extent, systemic vascular resistance
(afterload). Also increases blood flow through the collateral coronary vessels.
Nitroglycerin - Side effects - Answer CNS: headache, dizziness, syncope, weakness. CV:
orthostatic hypotension, bradycardia, flushing, palpitations, peripheral edema. EENT:
pharyngitis, rhinitis, SL burning. GI: nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain. Respiratory: dyspnea.
Skin: contact dermatitis, rash. Other: hypersensitivity reactions.
Nitroglycerin - Nursing considerations - Answer Closely monitor vital signs, particularly BP,
during infusion, especially in patient with an MI. Excessive hypotension can worsen ischemia.
Monitor BP and intensity and duration of drug response. Drug may cause headaches, especially
