Kindergeneeskunde
Robin Buyse
1E MASTER GENEESKUNDE | 2022-2023
,Inhoudsopgave
HOOFDSTUK 1: THE CHILD IN SOCIETY .........................................................................................................................6
1.0 VOORAF....................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 DE WERELD VAN HET KIND ............................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 PUBLIEKE GEZONDHEIDSZORG VOOR KINDEREN IN VLAANDEREN .............................................................................................. 7
1.3 MEDICOLEGALE ASPECTEN ............................................................................................................................................... 8
HOOFDSTUK 2: GLOBAL CHILD HEALTH ....................................................................................................................11
2.0 VOORAF..................................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 KINDERMORTALITEIT .................................................................................................................................................... 12
HOOFDSTUK 3: PERINATALE GENEESKUNDE.............................................................................................................17
3.0 VOORAF..................................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 PRE-PREGNANCY CARE .................................................................................................................................................. 17
3.2 ANTENATALE DIAGNOSE ................................................................................................................................................ 20
3.3 GYNAECOLOGISCHE AANDOENINGEN MET IMPACT OP FOETUS............................................................................................... 21
3.4 MATERNELE AANDOENINGEN MET IMPACT OP FOETUS ........................................................................................................ 22
3.5 MATERNELE GENEESMIDDELEN MET EFFECT OP FOETUS ....................................................................................................... 25
3.6 CONGENITALE INFECTIES................................................................................................................................................ 26
3.7 AANPASSING AAN EXTRA-UTERIEN LEVEN .......................................................................................................................... 29
3.8 NEONATAL RESUSCICATION ............................................................................................................................................ 33
3.9 SIZE AT BIRTH (BIOMETRIE) ............................................................................................................................................ 34
3.10 ROUTINE POSTNATALE ZORG EN CHECK-UP ...................................................................................................................... 37
HOOFSTUK 4: NEONATALE GENEESKUNDE ...............................................................................................................41
4.0 VOORAF..................................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.1 HYPOXISCHE – ISCHEMISCHE ENCEFALOPATHIE................................................................................................................... 42
4.2 GEBOORTELETSELS ....................................................................................................................................................... 45
4.3 STABILISEREN VAN PRETERME OF ZIEKE BABY ..................................................................................................................... 48
4.4 PREMATURITEIT ........................................................................................................................................................... 49
4.5 ICTERUS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 57
4.6 RESPIRATOIRE DISTRESS BIJ ATERME BABY’S ....................................................................................................................... 59
4.7 INFECTIES ................................................................................................................................................................... 62
4.8 HYPOGLYCEMIE ........................................................................................................................................................... 64
4.9 CRANIOFACIALE AFWIJKINGEN ........................................................................................................................................ 65
4.10 GASTRO-INTESTINALE AANDOENINGEN ........................................................................................................................... 66
HOOFDSTUK 5: INFECTIES EN IMMUNITEIT ..............................................................................................................68
5.0 VOORAF..................................................................................................................................................................... 68
5.1 HET KIND MET KOORTS ................................................................................................................................................. 69
5.2 LEVENSBEDREIGENDE INFECTIES ...................................................................................................................................... 73
5.3 SPECIFIEKE BACTERIËLE INFECTIES .................................................................................................................................... 77
5.4 FREQUENTE (VIRALE) INFECTIES ...................................................................................................................................... 83
5.5 ONGEWONE VIRALE INFECTIES ........................................................................................................................................ 91
5.6 PROLONGED FEVER ...................................................................................................................................................... 93
5.7 IMMUNISATIE.............................................................................................................................................................. 99
5.8 PRIMAIRE IMMUUNDEFICIËNTIES (PID) .......................................................................................................................... 100
HOOFDSTUK 6: PEDIATRISCHE URGENTIES ............................................................................................................. 120
6.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................... 120
6.1 THE SERIOUSLY ILL CHILD ............................................................................................................................................. 121
6.2 CARDIOPULMONAIRE RESCUSICATIE ............................................................................................................................... 128
6.3 ACUTE LIFE THREATENING EVENT (ALTE)........................................................................................................................ 131
HOOFDSTUK 7: KINDERNEUROLOGIE ..................................................................................................................... 142
7.0 OVERZICHT ............................................................................................................................................................... 142
7.1 ONTWIKKELINGSPROBLEMEN ....................................................................................................................................... 142
2
, 7.2 CEREBRAL PALSY (HERSENVERLAMMING) ................................................................................................................. 154
7.3 EPILEPSIE .......................................................................................................................................................... 162
HOOFDSTUK 8: GASTRO-ENTEROLOGIE .................................................................................................................. 184
8.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................... 184
8.1 BRAKEN ................................................................................................................................................................... 185
8.2 EXCESSIEF HUILEN (COLICS) .......................................................................................................................................... 190
8.3 ACUTE BUIKPIJN ........................................................................................................................................................ 192
8.4 RECURRENTE BUIKPIJN ................................................................................................................................................ 196
8.5 ABNORMAL BOWEL MOVEMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 197
8.6 CONSTIPATIE............................................................................................................................................................. 203
HOOFDSTUK 9: NUTRITIE ....................................................................................................................................... 207
9.0 VOORAF ................................................................................................................................................................... 207
9.1 INFANT FEEDING ........................................................................................................................................................ 208
9.2 THE NUTRITIONAL VULNERABILITY OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN ............................................................................................. 217
9.3 FAILURE TO THRIVE (FTT) ............................................................................................................................................ 219
9.5 OBESITAS ................................................................................................................................................................. 224
9.6 GEBIT ...................................................................................................................................................................... 225
9.7 VARIA MET CASUSSEN ................................................................................................................................................. 226
HOOFDSTUK 10: ALLERGIE ..................................................................................................................................... 231
10.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 231
10.1 PATHOGENESE ........................................................................................................................................................ 232
10.2 PRIMAIRE PREVENTIE ................................................................................................................................................ 233
10.3 ECZEMA ................................................................................................................................................................. 234
10.4 ALLERGISCHE RHINOCONJUNCTIVITIS (ARC) + ASTMA ..................................................................................................... 238
10.5 VOEDSELALLERGIE .................................................................................................................................................... 241
10.6 ANAFYLAXIE ............................................................................................................................................................ 246
10.7 ALGEMENE BEHANDELING ......................................................................................................................................... 248
HOOFSTUK 11: GROEI EN PUBERTEIT ..................................................................................................................... 251
11.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 251
11.1 NORMALE GROEI & METINGEN ................................................................................................................................... 252
11.2 ABNORMALE GROEI VAN HET HOOFD ........................................................................................................................... 254
11.3 BIOMETRIE TIJDENS KINDERTIJD EN ADOLESCENTIE .......................................................................................................... 257
11.4 SHORT AND TALL STATURE ......................................................................................................................................... 258
11.5 PUBERTEIT ............................................................................................................................................................. 264
11.6 QUIZ ..................................................................................................................................................................... 270
HOOFSTUK 12: RESPIRATOIRE AANDOENINGEN ..................................................................................................... 276
12.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 276
12.1 BOVENSTE LUCHTWEGINFECTIES ................................................................................................................................. 277
12.2 EXTRATHORACALE LUCHTWEGOBSTRUCTIE (STRIDOR)...................................................................................................... 282
12.3 INTRATHORACALE LUCHTWEGOBSTRUCTIE (WHEEZING) ................................................................................................... 290
12.4 CHRONISCHE SYMPTOMEN VAN DE LUCHTWEGEN ........................................................................................................... 299
12.5 GESTOORDE ADEMHALING TIJDENS DE SLAAP ................................................................................................................. 321
12.6 TRACHEOSTOMIE ..................................................................................................................................................... 322
HOOFDSTUK 13: ENDOCRINOLOGIE ....................................................................................................................... 323
13.1 DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 323
13.2 SCHILDKLIERAANDOENINGEN ...................................................................................................................................... 326
13.3 BIJNIERAANDOENINGEN ............................................................................................................................................ 327
HOOFDSTUK 14: DERMATOLOGIE .......................................................................................................................... 331
14.1 NAPPY RASHES (LUIERDERMATITIS) .............................................................................................................................. 331
14.2 MULLOSCA CONTAGIOSA (PARELWRATTEN) .................................................................................................................. 334
14.3 SCABIES (SCHURFT) .................................................................................................................................................. 335
3
, 14.4 PEDICULOSIS (LUIZEN) .............................................................................................................................................. 336
14.5 RASHES EN SYSTEEMZIEKTEN ...................................................................................................................................... 337
HOOFDSTUK 15: GENETICA .................................................................................................................................... 339
15.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 339
15.1 AFWIJKINGEN VAN AANTAL CHROMOSOMEN ................................................................................................................. 339
15.2 STRUCTURELE CHROMOSOMALE AFWIJKINGEN ............................................................................................................... 343
HOOFDSTUK 16: HEPATOLOGIE .............................................................................................................................. 345
16.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 345
16.1 NEONATALE CHOLESTASE .......................................................................................................................................... 346
16.2 GESTEGEN TRANSAMINASEN ...................................................................................................................................... 353
16.3 ACUUT LEVERFALEN (ALF) ......................................................................................................................................... 360
16.4 GALACTOSEMIE ....................................................................................................................................................... 362
HOOFDSTUK 17: MUSCULOSKELETALE AANDOENINGEN ........................................................................................ 364
17.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 364
17.1 GROEIPIJNEN .......................................................................................................................................................... 364
17.2 OSTEOMYELITIS ....................................................................................................................................................... 365
17.3 SEPTISCHE ARTRITIS .................................................................................................................................................. 367
17.4 TRANSIËNTE SYNOVITIS EN REACTIEVE ARTRITIS .............................................................................................................. 371
17.5 JUVENIELE IDIOPATHISCHE ARTRITIS (JIA) ..................................................................................................................... 373
HOOFDSTUK 18: AANGEBOREN METABOLE AANDOENINGEN ................................................................................ 374
18.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 374
18.1 DENK ERAAN ........................................................................................................................................................... 375
18.2 NEONATALE SCREENING ............................................................................................................................................ 376
18.3 ACUTE PRESENTATIE ................................................................................................................................................. 377
18.4 MECHANISMEN ....................................................................................................................................................... 379
HOOFDSTUK 19: CARDIOLOGIE .............................................................................................................................. 389
19.1 EPIDEMIOLOGIE ....................................................................................................................................................... 389
19.2 EMBRYOLOGIE ........................................................................................................................................................ 390
19.3 CIRCULATOIRE AANPASSINGEN AAN HET EXTRA-UTERIENE LEVEN ....................................................................................... 391
19.4 DE NEONAAT .......................................................................................................................................................... 393
19.5 HET JONGE KIND MET ADEMHALINGSMOEILIJKHEDEN ...................................................................................................... 401
19.6 DE NEONAAT/HET JONGE KIND MET EEN HARTGERUIS ..................................................................................................... 406
19.7 CARDIALE RITMESTOORNISSEN.................................................................................................................................... 407
19.8 SYNCOPE ................................................................................................................................................................ 410
19.9 THORACALE PIJN ...................................................................................................................................................... 410
19.10 INFECTIEUZE HARTAANDOENINGEN ............................................................................................................................ 411
19.11 ZIEKTE VAN KAWASAKI ............................................................................................................................................ 412
HOOFDSTUK 20: NIER EN URINEWEGEN ................................................................................................................. 413
20.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 413
20.1 DIAGNOSTISCHE AANPAK ........................................................................................................................................... 414
20.2 CONGENITALE AFWIJKINGEN ...................................................................................................................................... 417
20.3 URINEWEGINFECTIES ................................................................................................................................................ 422
20.4 VESICO-URETERALE REFLUX ........................................................................................................................................ 425
20.5 ENURESIS/BEDWATEREN ........................................................................................................................................... 426
20.6 PROTEÏNURIE .......................................................................................................................................................... 427
20.7 HEMATURIE ............................................................................................................................................................ 430
20.8 ACUUT NIERFALEN ................................................................................................................................................... 432
20.9 HEMOLYTISCH UREMISCH SYNDROOM (HUS) ................................................................................................................ 433
20.10 CHRONISCH NIERFALEN ........................................................................................................................................... 434
20.11 HYPERTENSIE ........................................................................................................................................................ 435
HOOFDSTUK 21: MALIGNITEITEN ........................................................................................................................... 436
4
Robin Buyse
1E MASTER GENEESKUNDE | 2022-2023
,Inhoudsopgave
HOOFDSTUK 1: THE CHILD IN SOCIETY .........................................................................................................................6
1.0 VOORAF....................................................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1 DE WERELD VAN HET KIND ............................................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 PUBLIEKE GEZONDHEIDSZORG VOOR KINDEREN IN VLAANDEREN .............................................................................................. 7
1.3 MEDICOLEGALE ASPECTEN ............................................................................................................................................... 8
HOOFDSTUK 2: GLOBAL CHILD HEALTH ....................................................................................................................11
2.0 VOORAF..................................................................................................................................................................... 11
2.1 KINDERMORTALITEIT .................................................................................................................................................... 12
HOOFDSTUK 3: PERINATALE GENEESKUNDE.............................................................................................................17
3.0 VOORAF..................................................................................................................................................................... 17
3.1 PRE-PREGNANCY CARE .................................................................................................................................................. 17
3.2 ANTENATALE DIAGNOSE ................................................................................................................................................ 20
3.3 GYNAECOLOGISCHE AANDOENINGEN MET IMPACT OP FOETUS............................................................................................... 21
3.4 MATERNELE AANDOENINGEN MET IMPACT OP FOETUS ........................................................................................................ 22
3.5 MATERNELE GENEESMIDDELEN MET EFFECT OP FOETUS ....................................................................................................... 25
3.6 CONGENITALE INFECTIES................................................................................................................................................ 26
3.7 AANPASSING AAN EXTRA-UTERIEN LEVEN .......................................................................................................................... 29
3.8 NEONATAL RESUSCICATION ............................................................................................................................................ 33
3.9 SIZE AT BIRTH (BIOMETRIE) ............................................................................................................................................ 34
3.10 ROUTINE POSTNATALE ZORG EN CHECK-UP ...................................................................................................................... 37
HOOFSTUK 4: NEONATALE GENEESKUNDE ...............................................................................................................41
4.0 VOORAF..................................................................................................................................................................... 41
4.1 HYPOXISCHE – ISCHEMISCHE ENCEFALOPATHIE................................................................................................................... 42
4.2 GEBOORTELETSELS ....................................................................................................................................................... 45
4.3 STABILISEREN VAN PRETERME OF ZIEKE BABY ..................................................................................................................... 48
4.4 PREMATURITEIT ........................................................................................................................................................... 49
4.5 ICTERUS ..................................................................................................................................................................... 57
4.6 RESPIRATOIRE DISTRESS BIJ ATERME BABY’S ....................................................................................................................... 59
4.7 INFECTIES ................................................................................................................................................................... 62
4.8 HYPOGLYCEMIE ........................................................................................................................................................... 64
4.9 CRANIOFACIALE AFWIJKINGEN ........................................................................................................................................ 65
4.10 GASTRO-INTESTINALE AANDOENINGEN ........................................................................................................................... 66
HOOFDSTUK 5: INFECTIES EN IMMUNITEIT ..............................................................................................................68
5.0 VOORAF..................................................................................................................................................................... 68
5.1 HET KIND MET KOORTS ................................................................................................................................................. 69
5.2 LEVENSBEDREIGENDE INFECTIES ...................................................................................................................................... 73
5.3 SPECIFIEKE BACTERIËLE INFECTIES .................................................................................................................................... 77
5.4 FREQUENTE (VIRALE) INFECTIES ...................................................................................................................................... 83
5.5 ONGEWONE VIRALE INFECTIES ........................................................................................................................................ 91
5.6 PROLONGED FEVER ...................................................................................................................................................... 93
5.7 IMMUNISATIE.............................................................................................................................................................. 99
5.8 PRIMAIRE IMMUUNDEFICIËNTIES (PID) .......................................................................................................................... 100
HOOFDSTUK 6: PEDIATRISCHE URGENTIES ............................................................................................................. 120
6.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................... 120
6.1 THE SERIOUSLY ILL CHILD ............................................................................................................................................. 121
6.2 CARDIOPULMONAIRE RESCUSICATIE ............................................................................................................................... 128
6.3 ACUTE LIFE THREATENING EVENT (ALTE)........................................................................................................................ 131
HOOFDSTUK 7: KINDERNEUROLOGIE ..................................................................................................................... 142
7.0 OVERZICHT ............................................................................................................................................................... 142
7.1 ONTWIKKELINGSPROBLEMEN ....................................................................................................................................... 142
2
, 7.2 CEREBRAL PALSY (HERSENVERLAMMING) ................................................................................................................. 154
7.3 EPILEPSIE .......................................................................................................................................................... 162
HOOFDSTUK 8: GASTRO-ENTEROLOGIE .................................................................................................................. 184
8.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................... 184
8.1 BRAKEN ................................................................................................................................................................... 185
8.2 EXCESSIEF HUILEN (COLICS) .......................................................................................................................................... 190
8.3 ACUTE BUIKPIJN ........................................................................................................................................................ 192
8.4 RECURRENTE BUIKPIJN ................................................................................................................................................ 196
8.5 ABNORMAL BOWEL MOVEMENTS .................................................................................................................................. 197
8.6 CONSTIPATIE............................................................................................................................................................. 203
HOOFDSTUK 9: NUTRITIE ....................................................................................................................................... 207
9.0 VOORAF ................................................................................................................................................................... 207
9.1 INFANT FEEDING ........................................................................................................................................................ 208
9.2 THE NUTRITIONAL VULNERABILITY OF INFANTS AND CHILDREN ............................................................................................. 217
9.3 FAILURE TO THRIVE (FTT) ............................................................................................................................................ 219
9.5 OBESITAS ................................................................................................................................................................. 224
9.6 GEBIT ...................................................................................................................................................................... 225
9.7 VARIA MET CASUSSEN ................................................................................................................................................. 226
HOOFDSTUK 10: ALLERGIE ..................................................................................................................................... 231
10.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 231
10.1 PATHOGENESE ........................................................................................................................................................ 232
10.2 PRIMAIRE PREVENTIE ................................................................................................................................................ 233
10.3 ECZEMA ................................................................................................................................................................. 234
10.4 ALLERGISCHE RHINOCONJUNCTIVITIS (ARC) + ASTMA ..................................................................................................... 238
10.5 VOEDSELALLERGIE .................................................................................................................................................... 241
10.6 ANAFYLAXIE ............................................................................................................................................................ 246
10.7 ALGEMENE BEHANDELING ......................................................................................................................................... 248
HOOFSTUK 11: GROEI EN PUBERTEIT ..................................................................................................................... 251
11.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 251
11.1 NORMALE GROEI & METINGEN ................................................................................................................................... 252
11.2 ABNORMALE GROEI VAN HET HOOFD ........................................................................................................................... 254
11.3 BIOMETRIE TIJDENS KINDERTIJD EN ADOLESCENTIE .......................................................................................................... 257
11.4 SHORT AND TALL STATURE ......................................................................................................................................... 258
11.5 PUBERTEIT ............................................................................................................................................................. 264
11.6 QUIZ ..................................................................................................................................................................... 270
HOOFSTUK 12: RESPIRATOIRE AANDOENINGEN ..................................................................................................... 276
12.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 276
12.1 BOVENSTE LUCHTWEGINFECTIES ................................................................................................................................. 277
12.2 EXTRATHORACALE LUCHTWEGOBSTRUCTIE (STRIDOR)...................................................................................................... 282
12.3 INTRATHORACALE LUCHTWEGOBSTRUCTIE (WHEEZING) ................................................................................................... 290
12.4 CHRONISCHE SYMPTOMEN VAN DE LUCHTWEGEN ........................................................................................................... 299
12.5 GESTOORDE ADEMHALING TIJDENS DE SLAAP ................................................................................................................. 321
12.6 TRACHEOSTOMIE ..................................................................................................................................................... 322
HOOFDSTUK 13: ENDOCRINOLOGIE ....................................................................................................................... 323
13.1 DIABETES MELLITUS TYPE 1 ........................................................................................................................................ 323
13.2 SCHILDKLIERAANDOENINGEN ...................................................................................................................................... 326
13.3 BIJNIERAANDOENINGEN ............................................................................................................................................ 327
HOOFDSTUK 14: DERMATOLOGIE .......................................................................................................................... 331
14.1 NAPPY RASHES (LUIERDERMATITIS) .............................................................................................................................. 331
14.2 MULLOSCA CONTAGIOSA (PARELWRATTEN) .................................................................................................................. 334
14.3 SCABIES (SCHURFT) .................................................................................................................................................. 335
3
, 14.4 PEDICULOSIS (LUIZEN) .............................................................................................................................................. 336
14.5 RASHES EN SYSTEEMZIEKTEN ...................................................................................................................................... 337
HOOFDSTUK 15: GENETICA .................................................................................................................................... 339
15.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 339
15.1 AFWIJKINGEN VAN AANTAL CHROMOSOMEN ................................................................................................................. 339
15.2 STRUCTURELE CHROMOSOMALE AFWIJKINGEN ............................................................................................................... 343
HOOFDSTUK 16: HEPATOLOGIE .............................................................................................................................. 345
16.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 345
16.1 NEONATALE CHOLESTASE .......................................................................................................................................... 346
16.2 GESTEGEN TRANSAMINASEN ...................................................................................................................................... 353
16.3 ACUUT LEVERFALEN (ALF) ......................................................................................................................................... 360
16.4 GALACTOSEMIE ....................................................................................................................................................... 362
HOOFDSTUK 17: MUSCULOSKELETALE AANDOENINGEN ........................................................................................ 364
17.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 364
17.1 GROEIPIJNEN .......................................................................................................................................................... 364
17.2 OSTEOMYELITIS ....................................................................................................................................................... 365
17.3 SEPTISCHE ARTRITIS .................................................................................................................................................. 367
17.4 TRANSIËNTE SYNOVITIS EN REACTIEVE ARTRITIS .............................................................................................................. 371
17.5 JUVENIELE IDIOPATHISCHE ARTRITIS (JIA) ..................................................................................................................... 373
HOOFDSTUK 18: AANGEBOREN METABOLE AANDOENINGEN ................................................................................ 374
18.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 374
18.1 DENK ERAAN ........................................................................................................................................................... 375
18.2 NEONATALE SCREENING ............................................................................................................................................ 376
18.3 ACUTE PRESENTATIE ................................................................................................................................................. 377
18.4 MECHANISMEN ....................................................................................................................................................... 379
HOOFDSTUK 19: CARDIOLOGIE .............................................................................................................................. 389
19.1 EPIDEMIOLOGIE ....................................................................................................................................................... 389
19.2 EMBRYOLOGIE ........................................................................................................................................................ 390
19.3 CIRCULATOIRE AANPASSINGEN AAN HET EXTRA-UTERIENE LEVEN ....................................................................................... 391
19.4 DE NEONAAT .......................................................................................................................................................... 393
19.5 HET JONGE KIND MET ADEMHALINGSMOEILIJKHEDEN ...................................................................................................... 401
19.6 DE NEONAAT/HET JONGE KIND MET EEN HARTGERUIS ..................................................................................................... 406
19.7 CARDIALE RITMESTOORNISSEN.................................................................................................................................... 407
19.8 SYNCOPE ................................................................................................................................................................ 410
19.9 THORACALE PIJN ...................................................................................................................................................... 410
19.10 INFECTIEUZE HARTAANDOENINGEN ............................................................................................................................ 411
19.11 ZIEKTE VAN KAWASAKI ............................................................................................................................................ 412
HOOFDSTUK 20: NIER EN URINEWEGEN ................................................................................................................. 413
20.0 VOORAF................................................................................................................................................................. 413
20.1 DIAGNOSTISCHE AANPAK ........................................................................................................................................... 414
20.2 CONGENITALE AFWIJKINGEN ...................................................................................................................................... 417
20.3 URINEWEGINFECTIES ................................................................................................................................................ 422
20.4 VESICO-URETERALE REFLUX ........................................................................................................................................ 425
20.5 ENURESIS/BEDWATEREN ........................................................................................................................................... 426
20.6 PROTEÏNURIE .......................................................................................................................................................... 427
20.7 HEMATURIE ............................................................................................................................................................ 430
20.8 ACUUT NIERFALEN ................................................................................................................................................... 432
20.9 HEMOLYTISCH UREMISCH SYNDROOM (HUS) ................................................................................................................ 433
20.10 CHRONISCH NIERFALEN ........................................................................................................................................... 434
20.11 HYPERTENSIE ........................................................................................................................................................ 435
HOOFDSTUK 21: MALIGNITEITEN ........................................................................................................................... 436
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