GNRS 588 EXAM 4 QUESTIONS WITH
100% CORRECT ANSWERS | LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
What are the 3 types of shock? - ANS Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Distributive
3 Subdivisions of Distributive Shock - ANS Septic Shock
Anaphylactic Shock
Neurogenic Shock
Hypovolemic and Cardiogenic shock signs. (CO, HR, RR, BP, Temp, Pulse) - ANS Low CO
High HR
High RR
Low BP
Cold Temp
Weak Pulse
How does septic and anaphylactic shock differ from the others? - ANS Warm temperature
and strong pulse
How does neurogenic shock differ from the others? - ANS Low Heart Rate
Warm Temp
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,Strong Pulse
What is the main problem with hypovolemic shock? - ANS Inadequate fluid volume in the
vascular space (low preload, low cardiac output)k
What is the most common form of shock? - ANS Hypovolemic
What are the two etiologic factors of hypovolemic shock? - ANS Absolute (loss of blood,
plasma, or other bodily fluids)
Relative (Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, decreased osmotic pressure)
What percentage of fluid loss is categorized as mild? - ANS 15% fluid loss, up to 750 mL;
Compensatory mechanisms are adequate
What percentage of fluid loss is considered mild to moderate? - ANS 15-30%, 750-1500 mL
More intense compensatory response is required
What are the characteristics of moderate fluid loss? - ANS 30-40% fluid loss, 1500-2000 mL
Compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed and ineffective tissue perfusion occurs
(tachycardia, arrhythmias, acidosis, confusion)
What are the characteristics of severe fluid loss? - ANS >40% fluid loss, >2000 mL
Tachycardia, hypotension, lactic acidosis, cyanosis, organ failure, no urine output
What are the compensatory mechanisms for hypovolemic shock? - ANS Catecholamine
release (increases SVR, HR, and contractility)
Shift of interstitial fluid
Release Aldosterone, ADH
Splenic Discharge
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, What are the assessment findings for hypovolemic shock? - ANS Decreased Cardiac Output
Decreased Preload d/t decreased venous return
Decrease CVP and PAWP
Increase in SVR due to increased afterload from arterial vasoconstriction.
What blood pressure measurement do you use in hypovolemic shock? Why? - ANS MAP is
more reliable because systolic and diastolic will be artificially high due to vasoconstriction.
What are the three goals of hypovolemic shock medical management? - ANS Correct the
cause of hypovolemia
Restore tissue perfusion
Prevent Complications
What types of fluids do you use to replace circulating volume? - ANS Crystalloid solution,
a colloid solution,
blood products,
or a combination
What types of medications are used to maintain perfusion until volume is restored? -
ANS Vasopressors
How often do you assess shock patients? - ANS Every 15 min until shock is controlled
What should be monitored in hypovolemic shock? - ANS LOC, Pulse, BP, Pulse Pressure, CVP,
Respirations, Skin Color, O2 Sat, Cognition, Urine Output
How do you position a patient with hypotension? - ANS Legs elevated, trunk flat, with head
and shoulders above chest.
3 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
100% CORRECT ANSWERS | LATEST
VERSION 2025/2026.
What are the 3 types of shock? - ANS Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Distributive
3 Subdivisions of Distributive Shock - ANS Septic Shock
Anaphylactic Shock
Neurogenic Shock
Hypovolemic and Cardiogenic shock signs. (CO, HR, RR, BP, Temp, Pulse) - ANS Low CO
High HR
High RR
Low BP
Cold Temp
Weak Pulse
How does septic and anaphylactic shock differ from the others? - ANS Warm temperature
and strong pulse
How does neurogenic shock differ from the others? - ANS Low Heart Rate
Warm Temp
1 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
,Strong Pulse
What is the main problem with hypovolemic shock? - ANS Inadequate fluid volume in the
vascular space (low preload, low cardiac output)k
What is the most common form of shock? - ANS Hypovolemic
What are the two etiologic factors of hypovolemic shock? - ANS Absolute (loss of blood,
plasma, or other bodily fluids)
Relative (Vasodilation, increased capillary permeability, decreased osmotic pressure)
What percentage of fluid loss is categorized as mild? - ANS 15% fluid loss, up to 750 mL;
Compensatory mechanisms are adequate
What percentage of fluid loss is considered mild to moderate? - ANS 15-30%, 750-1500 mL
More intense compensatory response is required
What are the characteristics of moderate fluid loss? - ANS 30-40% fluid loss, 1500-2000 mL
Compensatory mechanisms are overwhelmed and ineffective tissue perfusion occurs
(tachycardia, arrhythmias, acidosis, confusion)
What are the characteristics of severe fluid loss? - ANS >40% fluid loss, >2000 mL
Tachycardia, hypotension, lactic acidosis, cyanosis, organ failure, no urine output
What are the compensatory mechanisms for hypovolemic shock? - ANS Catecholamine
release (increases SVR, HR, and contractility)
Shift of interstitial fluid
Release Aldosterone, ADH
Splenic Discharge
2 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
, What are the assessment findings for hypovolemic shock? - ANS Decreased Cardiac Output
Decreased Preload d/t decreased venous return
Decrease CVP and PAWP
Increase in SVR due to increased afterload from arterial vasoconstriction.
What blood pressure measurement do you use in hypovolemic shock? Why? - ANS MAP is
more reliable because systolic and diastolic will be artificially high due to vasoconstriction.
What are the three goals of hypovolemic shock medical management? - ANS Correct the
cause of hypovolemia
Restore tissue perfusion
Prevent Complications
What types of fluids do you use to replace circulating volume? - ANS Crystalloid solution,
a colloid solution,
blood products,
or a combination
What types of medications are used to maintain perfusion until volume is restored? -
ANS Vasopressors
How often do you assess shock patients? - ANS Every 15 min until shock is controlled
What should be monitored in hypovolemic shock? - ANS LOC, Pulse, BP, Pulse Pressure, CVP,
Respirations, Skin Color, O2 Sat, Cognition, Urine Output
How do you position a patient with hypotension? - ANS Legs elevated, trunk flat, with head
and shoulders above chest.
3 | Page @COPYRIGHT 2025/2026 ALLRIGHTS RESERVED
