BIOL 385 Exam 2 Study Guide
questions and answers
Name the three most common types of endocrine pathologies. - correct answer ✔✔1.
Hypersecretion
2. Hyposecretion
3. Receptor/Second Messenger Problems
Explain how negative feedback can be used to determine the location of a problem with one
gland in a two- or three-gland pathway. - correct answer ✔✔Primary pathology-Due to problem
with LAST endocrine gland in pathway
Secondary pathology-Due to problem with anterior pituitary
Tertiary pathology-Due to problem with hypothalamus
It is all about which hormones are interacting.
1.Map the organization of the nervous system in detail. - correct answer ✔✔FIG 8.1 pg 225
What do autonomic neurons do? What are the two categories? - correct answer
✔✔Sympathetic & parasympathetic
control:
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Exocrine glands/cells
- Some endocrine glands/ cells
- Some adipose tissue
,What do somatic motor neurons do? - correct answer ✔✔control skeletal muscles
2. Draw and describe the parts of a neuron and give their functions. - correct answer ✔✔look in
notebook drawing
3. Describe the parts of a synapse and their functions. - correct answer ✔✔Presynaptic Cell:
- presynaptic axon terminal: releases vesicle contents/signal into synaptic cleft
- synaptic cleft: area between presynaptic axon terminal and post-syn. dendrites
- post-synaptic dendrite: receives signal from previous neuron
4.Name the 6 types of glial cells, what 2 categories they are sorted under, and their functions -
correct answer ✔✔CNS:
1. Epedymal cells: barriers between compartments, source of neural stem cells
2. Astrocytes: source of neural stem cells, take up K+, water, and neurotransmitters, secrete
neurotrophic factors, help form blood-brain barrier, provide substrates for ATP production
3. Microglia: (modified immune cells) act as scavengers
4. Oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheaths
PNS:
5. Schwann cells: form myelin sheaths & secrete neurotrophic factor
6. Satellite cells: support cell bodies
5. Explain in words how the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation relates to the membrane potential
of a cell. - correct answer ✔✔It calculates the membrane potential that results from the
contribution of all ions that can cross the membrane
What two things is membrane potential influenced by? - correct answer ✔✔concentration
gradient of ions and membrane permeability to those ions
, 7. Compare and contrast graded potentials and action potentials.
Type of signal, where it occurs, types of gated ion channels, ions involved, type of signal,
strength of signal, what initiates the signal, and unique characteristics. - correct answer
✔✔Graded:
-input signal
-occurs in dendrites & cell body
-uses mechanically, chemically, or voltage-gated channels
-involves Na+, K+, Ca2+
-depolarizing (Na+) or hyperpolarizing (Cl-) signal type
-signal strength is dependent on initial stimulus (CAN be summed)
-entry of ions through gated channels initiates the signal
-UNIQUE: no minimum level is required to initiate, 2 signals coming in close together in time will
sum, & initial stimulus strength is indicated by frequency of a series of action potentials
Action Potential:
-regenerating conduction signal
-occurs in trigger zone through axon
-uses voltage-gated ion channels
-involves Na+ and K+ ions
-depolarizing signal type
-strength of signal: all or none (can NOT be summed)
-above threshold graded potential at the trigger zone opens ion channels
-UNIQUE: threshold stimulus required to initiate, refractory period: 2 signals too close together
can NOT sum
8. Explain the changes in ion permeability and ion flow that take place during an action
potential. - correct answer ✔✔-voltage-gated Na+ ion channels open, Na+ flows in &
depolarizes cell
-Na+ channels close, slower voltage gated K+ channels open
questions and answers
Name the three most common types of endocrine pathologies. - correct answer ✔✔1.
Hypersecretion
2. Hyposecretion
3. Receptor/Second Messenger Problems
Explain how negative feedback can be used to determine the location of a problem with one
gland in a two- or three-gland pathway. - correct answer ✔✔Primary pathology-Due to problem
with LAST endocrine gland in pathway
Secondary pathology-Due to problem with anterior pituitary
Tertiary pathology-Due to problem with hypothalamus
It is all about which hormones are interacting.
1.Map the organization of the nervous system in detail. - correct answer ✔✔FIG 8.1 pg 225
What do autonomic neurons do? What are the two categories? - correct answer
✔✔Sympathetic & parasympathetic
control:
- Cardiac muscle
- Smooth muscle
- Exocrine glands/cells
- Some endocrine glands/ cells
- Some adipose tissue
,What do somatic motor neurons do? - correct answer ✔✔control skeletal muscles
2. Draw and describe the parts of a neuron and give their functions. - correct answer ✔✔look in
notebook drawing
3. Describe the parts of a synapse and their functions. - correct answer ✔✔Presynaptic Cell:
- presynaptic axon terminal: releases vesicle contents/signal into synaptic cleft
- synaptic cleft: area between presynaptic axon terminal and post-syn. dendrites
- post-synaptic dendrite: receives signal from previous neuron
4.Name the 6 types of glial cells, what 2 categories they are sorted under, and their functions -
correct answer ✔✔CNS:
1. Epedymal cells: barriers between compartments, source of neural stem cells
2. Astrocytes: source of neural stem cells, take up K+, water, and neurotransmitters, secrete
neurotrophic factors, help form blood-brain barrier, provide substrates for ATP production
3. Microglia: (modified immune cells) act as scavengers
4. Oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheaths
PNS:
5. Schwann cells: form myelin sheaths & secrete neurotrophic factor
6. Satellite cells: support cell bodies
5. Explain in words how the Goldman-Hodgkin-Katz equation relates to the membrane potential
of a cell. - correct answer ✔✔It calculates the membrane potential that results from the
contribution of all ions that can cross the membrane
What two things is membrane potential influenced by? - correct answer ✔✔concentration
gradient of ions and membrane permeability to those ions
, 7. Compare and contrast graded potentials and action potentials.
Type of signal, where it occurs, types of gated ion channels, ions involved, type of signal,
strength of signal, what initiates the signal, and unique characteristics. - correct answer
✔✔Graded:
-input signal
-occurs in dendrites & cell body
-uses mechanically, chemically, or voltage-gated channels
-involves Na+, K+, Ca2+
-depolarizing (Na+) or hyperpolarizing (Cl-) signal type
-signal strength is dependent on initial stimulus (CAN be summed)
-entry of ions through gated channels initiates the signal
-UNIQUE: no minimum level is required to initiate, 2 signals coming in close together in time will
sum, & initial stimulus strength is indicated by frequency of a series of action potentials
Action Potential:
-regenerating conduction signal
-occurs in trigger zone through axon
-uses voltage-gated ion channels
-involves Na+ and K+ ions
-depolarizing signal type
-strength of signal: all or none (can NOT be summed)
-above threshold graded potential at the trigger zone opens ion channels
-UNIQUE: threshold stimulus required to initiate, refractory period: 2 signals too close together
can NOT sum
8. Explain the changes in ion permeability and ion flow that take place during an action
potential. - correct answer ✔✔-voltage-gated Na+ ion channels open, Na+ flows in &
depolarizes cell
-Na+ channels close, slower voltage gated K+ channels open
